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Studies were carried out in 2003–2005. The dependence between harvest date and yielding of marjoram (cv. ‘Miraż’) was investigated. The plantation was set from a seedling produced in a greenhouse. Plants were set in 30 × 40 cm spacing. Two weeks after setting, part of plants were cut and shoot tips with the first leaf pair were removed. The herb harvest was made twice: in the middle of July and at the end of August. Ground herb was subjected to determinations of essential oils. Qualitative and quantitative composition of marjoram oil was determined by means of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The harvest date had significant influence on marjoram yielding. Higher yield of a fresh herb was achieved at the end of August (44.6 dt.ha⁻¹) than in the middle of July (30.5 dt.ha⁻¹). The essential oil content in the herb of marjoram cv. ‘Miraż’ was 1.7–2.2%. Trans-sabinene hydrate, terpinen-4-ol, and sabinene dominated in marjoram essential oil.
The experiments carried out in 2006–2007 referred to the growth of marjoram plants, its yields and chemical composition depending on the plant density and harvest time. Four plant densities (setting spacing 20 × 40 cm, 30 × 30 cm, 30 × 40 cm and 40 × 40 cm) as well as two harvest times (beginning of flower bud forming and full blooming) were applied. The lowest density favored the plant tillering, which apparently affected the herb yield. Plants growing at the lowest density (40 × 40 cm spacing) had the largest fresh and air-dried herb yields (0.71 and 0.18 kg m⁻², respectively). Herb of plants grown at denser spacing contained more total nitrogen and nitrates (V) as well as less potassium, than that of plants grown at lower density. The herb harvest at full flowering stage turned out to be favourable because of significantly lover nitrates concentration as compared to other stages. The contents of essential oil was significantly higher in the full flowering stage than in those harvested in the bud formation stage. Plants growing at denser spacing produced more oil. Trans-sabinene hydrate and terpinene-4-ol were dominating components of marjoram essential oil.
One of the more important species of herbal plants, grown in many countries for medical and nutritional purposes is sweet marjoram. The marjoram herb is an abundant source of valuable biologically active substances and mineral components. Considering the vast application of this plant studies were undertaken on the assessment of growth and yielding of sweet marjoram, depending on harvest time. The studies were conducted in the years 2004–2005. The sweet marjoram plantation was established from seedlings produced in a glasshouse. The marjoram herb was collected in two harvest time: in mid July (beginning of flowering) and in early September. The yields of fresh, air dry and grated herb were assessed. The contents of essential oil in grated herb, as well as the mineral composition of the herb were determined. The significant effect of harvest time upon the yield of fresh, air-dried and grated herb was demonstrated: the greater yield was achieved in the second harvest time (early September). The herb collected at the beginning of September contained more essential oil than that cut in mid July. Total nitrogen content was significantly greater in marjoram herb from the first harvest than in that from the second harvest.
The objective of the present study that has been carried out in the Institute of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, was to investigate antimicrobial activity of a number of sweet marjoram extracts. Raw (fresh or dried) plant material from culinary or medicinal herbs may contain varying amounts of bacteria or protozoa, including some known human pathogens. The isolates, which are prepared by procedures involving the use of elevated temperature and/or organic solvents or other chemicals are expected to have considerably less or no such potentially harmful burden. Four sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) fractions obtained by steam distillation, Soxhlet n-hexane extraction, extraction with aqueous ethanol, and with ethanolic ammonia solution were evaluated in vitro for activity against twenty Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial strains, six Candida sp. yeast strains and a single protozoan species Pentatrichomonas hominis. The n-hexane extract showed the highest antibacterial activity and inhibited growth of eight out of nine Staphylococcus aureus strains used. The other bacteria showed no substantial susceptibility to the extracts, except that Acinetobacter baumannii showed some inhibition by the aqueous ethanol extract. The isolates were also active against three out of six Candida sp. strains used, and the ethanolic ammonia extract reduced the number of viable P. hominis trophozoites by 50% at 160 µg·ml-1 concentration in 24 h cultures; the remaining extracts were considerably less or but marginally effective. These data warrant further study on identifying the components of the extracts with the highest activities.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of presowing conditioning, hormone permeation, and fungicide application on the vigour of seeds and seedlings as well as the yield of marjoram herb collected from the cultivation started by direct sowing into the open field. The methods of presowing seed treatment were as follows: soaking in GA3, matriconditioning with solid substance MicroCel-E, osmoconditioning in the solution of polyethylene glycol PEG 6000. Seeds of every combination were either dressed with Penncozeb or sown without fungicide. The yield and quality of marjoram herb were tested in the field experiments conducted in the region of Central and Southern Poland. The phytopathological analysis of seeds showed their low infestation by microorganisms, this not increasing following the seed conditioning and soaking in GA3 solution. The measurements of seedling vigour under controlled conditions proved the positive effect of every tested method of presowing seed treatment. Irrespective of localization, the yields of marjoram herb and essential oil were the highest with the crop from matriconditioned seeds. The effect of seed osmoconditioning and soaking in GA3 solution as well as fungicide application depended on the localization of marjoram growing.
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