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The structure of Enchytraeidae communities of Leucobryo-Pinetum and Peucedano-Pinetum pine forests was analysed. One community-type was registered. Differences in species composition and dominance structure related to regional phytosociological diversity and limiting influence of anthropogenous pressure on community density were observed.
The earthworms occurrence in pine forests was analyzed. The communities of earthworms in studied areas are characterized by poor species composition and low density. D. octaedra was the dominant.
In two fishponds (area of 1.6 ha and 0.2 ha, depth to 1.5 m) in Silesian Upland (Southern Poland) rare in Europe species Aulodrilus japonicus Yamaguchi, 1953 was found to the first time in Polish fauna. The water bodies are slightly acid, soft (total hardness up to 96 mg CaCO₃ l⁻¹) and nutrient rich. A. japonicus occurred during the whole study period (from March to November) in both ponds. The greatest abundance (up to 120 ind.m⁻²) was observed in the summer, however the mature specimens were never found.
Zooseston of the Vistula River section almost 340 km long was investigated in the years 1997/98. In 99 samples collected 90 species of rotifers, 16 cladocerans, 9 copepods and other animals belonging to: Harpacticoidea, Oligochaeta, Nematoda, Chironomidae, Odonata, Simulidae, Tardigrada and Coelenterata were found. Multiple regression analysis showed that the number of rotifers is significantly correlated with basic chemical indicators of water trophic state - phosphate, nitrate and nitrite as well as with the number of copepods which are usually predators. The numbers of copepods depends on the availability of possible prey, i.e. rotifers and cladocerans. Multiple regression confirmed known dependence of cladocerans from trophic conditions. Clustering of similarity matrices showed complex structure of sestonic assemblages on rhitral-potamal gradient additionally modified by hydrotechnical constructions. These constructions broke old river continuum. Ordination of sites gave complex pattern not only representing a simple gradient rithral - potamal but also all transient stages caused by hydrotechnical construction (large dam reservoir) or by inflows of polluted waters from the tributaries. Ecological meaning of principal component ordination (PC) for river zooseston assemblages is not simple and might be susceptible of various interpretations.
The present qualitative and quantitative study on macrozoobenthos was conducted in 1998 in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea adjacent to the Słowinski National Park (SNP). The macrozoobenthos of this zone exhibited quantitative scarcity (12 species) and low content of the wet mass. More frequent were only Oligochaeta, Pygospio elegans, and Batyporeia pilosa. Because of a better specific diversity, density, and wet mass of the macrozoobenthos in the zone outside 1 nautical mile limit, the author suggests widening the proposed marine protected zone of the SNP giving it the status of marine Landscape Park up to 3 nautical miles.
Analysing possibilities of indicating threats of earthworms for protection demands, it was shown that at the current stage of faunistical work it is not possible to choose the most threatened species in the Polish fauna, which could qualify to one of the threat of the European categories. In the case of this group of animals it is not possible basing, on current knowledge, to determine the category of threat. Although, it is assumed that there are four endemic species (e.g. connected with Carpathian Mts) in this group. The criteria stated in the Polish Red Data Book do not apply to oligochaete. Nearly none of the species can be characterized with demanded precision for chosen criteria, because the lack of quantity and quality data. It is only possible to distinguish „groups of non-determined species”, which are treated as „rare species”, but the lack of enough data does not allow to determine to which group they really belong. The determining of factors affecting the habitation of particular species belongs to a group of the least known subjects. A group of factor affecting one particular earthworm species was not considered yet.
Four new species of earthworm species coEected from various parts of Hainan Island were found. The species belong to Amynthas and Metaphire and are characterized by having two pairs of spermathecae in 7/8-8/9. They are described here as Amynthas tlexuosus sp. nov., A. lucidus sp. nov., A. haikouensis sp. nov. in the aeruhinosus- group of species of the genus Amynthas, and Metaphire fortuita sp. nov. in the insularui-group of species of the genus Metaphire. Their anatomical and morphological characteristics are compared to similar species from Hainan Island, China mainland and South-East Asia.
The majority of oligochaete species living in springs are ubiquitous and widely distributed taxa but cold stenothermic, semiaquatic and rare ones are also found. In Poland about 50 species are known from springs among 185 aquatic and semi-aquatic species found in whole country. Gianius aquaedulcis (Hrabĕ 1960) (Tubificidae, Phallodrilinae) is reported for the first time from Poland from two karstic springs situated in Kraków – Częstochowa Upland (South Poland). Both springs are hillside, fissure, descending, rheocrenes, with discharge about 30– 40 L s⁻¹. Spring no 1 is situated in banked pond, spring no 2 has natural character. Their bottom is sandy or sandy-gravely, with patches of detritus, mud and plants. The conductivity, concentration of main cations (Ca, Mg) and anions (Cl, SO₄) were typical for spring waters of this limestone area; only concentration of nitrate is slightly elevated. The samples of bottom fauna (a polyethylene corer and a bottom scraper) and water for chemical analysis were taken seasonally. This species was more numerous in a banked spring than in the natural one (maximal density about 1600 ind. m⁻²) and seasonal changes of its density were similar in both springs. Mature specimens formed only 5–8% of the population and were present in all sampling data. G. aquaedulcis is known from a few localities only (Germany, France, Spain and USA). It lives in underground and surface waters, with slightly alkaline pH on sandy or stony bottom. Maybe this species forms a few relictic populations which persist in subterranean (cave or hyporheic) waters of some geographic regions at least since the last glacial epoch. The existence of small anatomical differences (for example various thickness of the muscular lining of the atria and changeable shape of penial setae) among the studied populations from various countries seems to confirm this hypothesis.
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