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The North American gammaridean amphipod, Gammarus tigrinus, was found in the easternmost part of the Baltic Sea (Neva Estuary) near a new oil terminal. This species may well have been transported to the Neva Estuary with ballast waters from the Finnish area of the Gulf of Finland, where it was recorded recently. In 2005, the mid-summer density of G. tigrinus was 27 indiv. m−2. By 2006 this species had spread 100 km to the east from the first site, colonizing the northern coastal zone of the estuary. Its density reached 99–126 indiv. m−2. Fecund females and juveniles contributed about 50% to the entire population density, which testifies to the successful reproduction and establishment of G. tigrinus in the Neva Estuary. There is a high risk of further expansions of G. tigrinus from the new area to the various lakes of Eastern Europe via inland canal-river systems, which may lead to unforeseeable changes in aquatic communities.
The phytoplankton in the inner Neva Estuary is described from data obtained from 1996 to 2000.T he seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton biomass are characterized by a bimodal curve with a summer maximum.T he average seasonal biomass was approximately 3 mg l−1, the maximum biomass was 8–11 mg l−1. The species composition and quantitative parameters were compared to those observed in the 1980s.A notable, nearly 1.5–2 fold, increase in the biomass in the summer–autumn period and the predominance of Oscillatoria species among the blue-green algae were observed.A decline in the nutrient load in the water body at the end of the 1990s appeared to be insufficient to bring about a decrease in the proportion of Oscillatoria algae in the total species composition or a decline in the biomass of the entire phytoplankton community. In 2000 a certain change in the structural composition of the phytoplankton complex was noted.S pecies that had been predominant in the 1980s and had lost their advantage in the early 1990s, regained their earlier status.
Long-termhydrobiological research has shown that the functioning of the ecosystem of the Neva Estuary, one of the largest Baltic estuaries, has changed greatly since the beginning of the 20th century. Ineffective local water management in St.Petersburg during the last twenty years has stimulated the development of a natural ‘biological plug’ in the salt barrier zone in the inner part of the estuary and has altered the ecosystem’s functioning. These changes include an increase in primary production, in the primary production : organic matter decomposition ratio, and in pelagic-benthic coupling. It has also given rise to filamentous algae blooms and intensive secondary pollution in the coastal zone of the Neva Estuary. The primary production of phytoplankton in the inner part of the estuary has reached 2.3 gC m−2, that of the filamentous algae Cladophora glomerata 5.5 gC m−2; these figures are much higher than in other regions of the Gulf of Finland.
We have used a simple 3D-ecosystem model to describe nutrient dynamics and biomass production in the Neva Bay off St.Petersburg. The River Neva is responsible for carrying the waste waters of St. Petersburg to the Gulf of Finland. Literature values of chlorophyll-a concentrations and satellite images have been used for model validation. The results indicate that our model can reproduce both the temporal and spatial variation in the phytoplankton biomass with reasonable accuracy. The model was used to analyse scenarios describing the ecological effects of planned water protection measures. More efficient phosphorus purification was found to be the most effective measure for improving the water quality off St.Petersburg.
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