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Microparasites of worldwide mullets

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The present review is focus on parasitic organisms, previously considered as protozoans. Viral, prokaryotic and fungal parasites caused diseases and disorders of worldwide mullets were also observed. Most of the known viruses associated with a high mortality of mullets were detected in Mugil cephalus. Prokaryotic microparasites were registered in M. cephalus, Moolgarda cunnesiu, Liza ramada and Mugil liza. Fungal pathogens were associated with representatives of the genera Aphanomyces, Achlya, Phialemonium, Ichthyophonus. Ichthyophonus sp. can be considered as a potential threat for marine fish aquaculture, especially in culture conditions. A new hyperparasitic microsporidium like organism was recorded in myxozoan Myxobolus parvus infecting grey mullet Liza haematocheilus in the Russian coastal zone of the Sea of Japan. The protozoan representatives of the phyla Dinoflagellata, Euglenozoa, Ciliophora and Apicomplexa were reviewed and analyzed. The review of myxosporean parasites from grey mullets includes 64 species belonging to 13 genera and 9 families infecting 16 fish species.
New data for invasive pilengas mullet species Liza haematocheila, (Temminck and Schlegel, 1845) along Bulgarian Black Sea coast.Liza haematocheila(Temminck & Schlegel) (syn. Mugil soiuyBasilewsky)is an invasive mugilid species, native to the Amu Darya River basin. After numerous introduction attempts to support commercial fisheries, this species established a successful breeding population in the Sea of Azov during the early 1980s. This invasive species expanded its areal of distribution and has been recorded for north-eastern Black Sea, Turkish coast, Aegean Sea and Western Meditteranean. The present study covered new data for morphometrical and meristic characteristics of the speciemens caught along Bulgarian Black Sea coast as well as genetic-biochemical evidence for species identification.
A new nematode, Paracapillaroides agonostomi gen. et sp. n., is described from the stomach and the intestine of the mugilid Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft) from the Cuitzmala River (the Pacific Ocean basin), State of Jalisco, Mexico. This capillariid species represents a new genus similar to Paracapillaria Mendonça, 1963, differing from it substantially in the structure of the spicular sheath that is formed by two distinct parts, a broader and much shorter spinose proximal part and a narrower, very long aspinose distal part. Another capillariid, Paracapillaria teixeirafreitasi pacifica subsp. n. is described from the intestine of eleotrids Gobiomorus polylepis Ginsburg (type host) and G. maculatus (Günther) from the same locality (Cuitzmala River, Jalisco). This subspecies is differentiated from P. teixeirafreitasi teixeirafreitasi (G. Caballero, 1971) by the absence of a pair of minute preanal papillae, by a considerably longer spicule (0.261-0.501 mm), a distinctly thicker egg wall, and by the geographical distribution (Pacific Ocean basin). P. teixeirafreitasi teixeirafreitasi is briefly described from specimens collected from Gobiomorus dormitor Lacépède from the Tecolutla River, Veracruz, Mexico.
Background. The fisheries of the Greek lagoons is based on the seasonal fish migration from coastal areas to the lagoon and the summer-to-winter offshore fish migration. The knowledge of the age and growth of the species in the two connected regions is essential for the proper management of the resources. The aim of this study was to estimate the age and growth of Liza aurata in the Messolonghi-Etoliko Lagoon system and the neighbouring coastal waters of the Gulf of Patraikos (Western Greece). Materials and methods. From December 1992 to February 1994, a total of 1146 individuals of Liza aurata were caught in the Klisova Lagoon (part of the lagoon complex of Messolonghi-Etoliko) and their adjacent sea coastal area, using barrier fish traps, seine, and trammel nets. The fish age was determined from scale readings. Back calculated lengths at age, as derived using scales readings, were used to estimate the growth parameters of von Bertalanffy equation. The length–weight relation was estimated by the equation: W = a · Lb. Results. The total length (L) of examined specimens ranged from 9.7 to 59 cm. The scale readings revealed nine age classes in the Gulf of Patraikos (0 to VIII) and seven (0 to VI) in the lagoon. Maximum age was found to be 8 and 6 years for females and males, respectively. The analysis of the residuals sum of squares showed that the VBGF curves of sexes between the Patraikos sea area and the lagoon were not significantly different (sexes: F = 0.51, P > 0.05 and regions: F = 0.46, P > 0.05, respectively). The estimated values of VBGF for all samples were L∞ = 65.08 ± 2.61 cm; k = 0.149 ± 0.017 year–1 and t0 = –1.15 ± 0.063 year. No significant difference on the length–weight relations among the sexes was found (F = 3.15, P > 0.05) while a significant difference on the length–weight relations among the regions (sea: W = 0.0036L3.26; lagoon: W = 0.0057L3.13) was found (F = 21.1, P < 0.05) which reproduced a rather low difference (<±5%) along the size (weight) of species. The length–weight relations exhibited allometry. Conclusion. The age and growth in length and weight of Liza aurata in the lagoon system of Messolonghi-Etoliko and the neighbouring seawaters of Gulf of Patraikos were not significantly different. This could be explained by the fact that the relative high salinity situation of the lagoon may rebut their high trophic advantage for the fish and/or alternatively, by a scenario that is based on the seasonal migrations of species between sea and lagoon.
Background. Limited information is available on the reproductive biology of grey mullets mainly because it is very difficult to collect fully mature specimens. In the presently reported study the reproductive biology of two mugilid species, namely Liza saliens and Liza ramada, was studied in the Vistonis and Porto Lagos estuarine systems. Materials and methods. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and standard length at first maturity (SL50) were calculated. In order to estimate which oocytes are going to mature, oocyte size-frequency profiles were constructed for each fish and only the most advanced yolked oocytes were considered. The fecundity estimates were obtained using the volumetric method. Results. The results indicated that the sex ratio was in favour of females for both species. The gonadosomatic index indicated that the spawning season of L. saliens extends from June through October and that of L. ramada—from September through January. L. ramada sexually matures at a greater size and older age than L. saliens. For a correct estimate of the fecundity, the smallest group of eggs in both species (<0.20 mm) was rejected. For L. saliens the absolute fecundity varied from 245 000 to 555 000 eggs, while for L. ramada from 150 000 to 685 000 eggs. Fecundity is probably more correlated with the weight of the fish for both species. Conclusion. For the estimation of fecundity the total number of the oocytes is often used. However, this can be misleading as shown from the frequency distribution of the oocytes in the two grey mullet species, where a large proportion of the oocytes will never mature and therefore they do not contribute to the reproduction process. The percentage of these oocytes can be high, as shown in the current study (3.9%–28.1%).
The present study describes a new species, Ligophorus uruguayense, parasitizing the gills of Mugil platanus Günther, 1880 from the coast of Uruguay. It differs from all other species of the genus mainly in the shape of the ventral bar, the thick process at the distal end of the inner root of ventral anchors, the J-shaped penis accessory piece and the vaginal tube showing transverse annulations at its distal end, the host species, and geographical distribution. This is the first description of a species of Ligophorus from a mullet in the South Atlantic Ocean.
We analysed seasonal changes in the sizes of prey [grey mullets (Mugilidae), flatfish (Soleidae), eelAnguilla anguilla and crayfishProcambarus clarkii] consumed by ottersLutra lutra Linnaeus, 1758 in a Mediterranean-climate coastal area and relate them to the frequencies of occurrence of each prey species in otter diet. The sizes of over 1500 otter prey were estimated from measurements of key pieces found in 814 otter spraints, which were collected in lower stream stretches in a sandy coastal area. Clear relationships between mean prey size and frequency of occurrence were observed for the four prey types. These relationships were positive for grey mullets, flatfish and crayfish (ie they occurred more in otter diet when more large individuals were predated), but was negative in the case of eels. Results suggest that these patterns could be related to seasonal changes in habitat use. Previous works in the study area showed that otter concentrate its predation efforts in freshwater stream stretches during spring and summer, when more and larger crayfish are available. Freshwater stretches have neither grey mullets nor flatfish, while eels are larger and scarcer there than near streams’ mouths, where crayfish is absent.
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