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The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential of chitosan alone and in combination with various agricultural wastes for the management of rootknot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant cv. ‘BR-112’ under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that chitosan as a single or joint treatment with agricultural wastes significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced root-knot indices, and the nematode population in soil. As a result, of this, the growth and growth yielding attributes of eggplant were remarkably augmented. Chitosan as an elicitor induced plant mediated systemic resistance against M. incognita in eggplant. The results of the study demonstrated that maximum reduction in eggmass/root, eggs/eggmasses, nematode population and root-knot indices, was acquired by the treatments: chitosan + onion and chitosan + mentha. It was followed by chitosan + Brassica, chitosan + urad and chitosan + coconut whereas, chitosan combined with corn cob waste was found to be the least effective when compared to the control. The application of chitosan alone was effective but not very satisfactory. Compared to the control applications of all the treatments significantly increased plant growth in terms of length, fresh and dry weights, pollen fertility, yield and biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoid content and antioxidant enzymes. This may have been due to the eliciting activity of chitosan, causing systemic resistance in the plant and the release of various toxic chemical compounds during decomposition which have lethal effects against the second stage juveniles of M. incognita and nematode multiplication.
The response of the Mi-1 gene to different densities of Meloidogyne incognita race 2 was investigated under controlled conditions. Susceptible and resistant tomato seedlings were inoculated with 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10 000 second-stage juveniles of M. incognita. Plants were uprooted 8 weeks after inoculation and the numbers of egg masses and galls on the roots, and second-stage juveniles in 100 g soil per pot were counted. In susceptible plants, there was a correlation between the number of egg masses on roots until 2000 J2 inoculum densities. In resistant plants, when inoculum densities increased, the number of egg masses and galls also increased. The reproduction factor ratio was >1 in the susceptible plant and <1 in the resistant plant. The data showed that the 5000 J2 inoculum was a critical limit, and 10 000 J2s were above threshold for resistant plants. The data indicate that densities of M. incognita can seriously affect the performance of the Mi-1 gene.
The efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain UP1 as biological control agent of Meloidogyne incognita attacking tomato was evaluated under screenhouse condition pot experiments. P. lilacinus was formulated on rice substrate in powder form. Root weight, gall index rating, number of galls, egg masses and nematodes per one gram root sample were determined and per cent reduction in gall number was computed. Root weight and gall index ratings were significantly higher in untreated plants than those with P. lilacinus and with the commercial fungicide Nemacur. Number of galls, nematodes and egg masses per one gram root sample were significantly reduced by the application of P. lilacinus at all levels and this was comparable with Nemacur. However, egg mass count in plants treated with the lowest concentration of the biocontrol agent was not significantly different from the uninoculated control. Per cent reduction in gall number was the highest at treatment with 7.92 × 106 spores per ml of P. lilacinus.
Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood is an economically important pathogen of many agricultural crops, and the frequency of occurrence, abundance and importance of this nematode in resource-poor agricultural production systems make control necessary. Field studies were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to determine yield loss of Roselle due to natural infestation by M. incognita using Carbofuran 3G at 2 kg a.i./ha and untreated as check. The yield of Roselle was found to be higher with the application of nematicide-Carbofuran 3G at 2 kg a.i./ha. The percentage increase over control was 48.7 and 40.8% in the years 2004 and 2005, respectively. A significant reduction in the yield of Roselle in untreated plots was mainly attributed to direct damage of the root system by the feeding of root-knot nematode M. incognita. Root-knot nematode population in carbofuran treated plots was significantly lower than in untreated check in the two years, also at harvest. In the check the nematodes multiplied many folds during the cropping season. High nematode population in the untreated check decreased plant growth and ultimately reduced the number of seeds and weight of seeds.
Three Polish, four other European and three tropical isolates of the nematophagous fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium were screened for their ability to colonise the surface of barley roots, produce chlamydospores and infect eggs of Meloidogyne incognita in laboratory tests. PCR-fingerprinting of different Polish isolates and Vc10 was used to detect differences between isolates. Among the European isolates, the Polish isolate which came from a field fertilised with manure produced the greatest number of viable chlamydospores, the largest proportion of infected eggs of Meloidogyne incognita and the most prolific root colonisation. Among the tropical isolates, an isolate A produced the largest number of chlamydospores and an isolate B was the most prolific root coloniser and parasitised most of M. incognita eggs.
Two screenhouse experiments were conducted in 2004 and 2005 rainy season to investigate the reaction of three selected Sesamum indicum cultivars against three population densities of a root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Seedlings of S. indicum were raised in pots arranged in completely randomised design and inoculated with 0, 5 000, and 10 000 eggs of M. incognita, replicated six times. Root knot disease was evaluated at mid-season and harvest. A new method for evaluating and reporting resistance to Meloidogyne spp. that divides the screening procedure into two phases in the same experiment was adapted. The first phase investigated the host response through the traditional standard method that utilises only gall and nematode reproduction indices, while the second considered the effect of root knot disease on grain production of the crop. There was consistency in host designation of E8 and NICRIBEN-01M (syn: 530-1-6) which were classified under the traditional and improved rating schemes as tolerant and resistant, respectively. However, S. indicum breeding line Pbtil (No. 1) which was considered susceptible under the old system was found to be tolerant using the integrated and improved system. Root galls incited by the nematode degenerated significantly from mid-season to harvest time. Utilising yield as additional parameter for assessing resistance to root knot nematode provides a complete picture of Sesamum-Meloidogyne interaction, and therefore a more meaningful system for determining host response.
Root-knot nematodes have become a grave menace to the lucrative production of cucumber throughout the world. These nematodes are mainly controlled by applying nematicides, but their use is often associated with hazards. Alternatively, the use of nematode resistant cultivars is considered to be innocuous and economically feasible. For their fitness as nematode-suppressive crops, the reduction in growth and yield parameters of these cultivars must be assessed. As there is little documented data about the effects of Meloidogyne incognita on the damage of cucumber, therefore, in the present study, the effects of M. incognita were evaluated on growth and yield parameters of fifteen cucumber cultivars. M. incognita significantly negatively affected the growth and yield parameters of all the cucumber cultivars. Shoot and root lengths and shoot weights of all the cultivars were significantly reduced as a result of nematode infection. Maximum reductions in these parameters were recorded in highly susceptible cultivars followed by susceptible ones, while the reductions were minimal in resistant followed by moderately resistant cultivars. On the contrary, the infection by M. incognita resulted in an increase in root weights of all the cultivars. The increase was found to be the maximum in highly susceptible cultivars followed by susceptible and moderately susceptible cultivars. Likewise, the minimum increase was observed in the resistant cultivars followed by moderately resistant cultivars. Similarly, significant variations in yield parameters among fifteen cucumber cultivars were also recorded as a result of M. incognita infection. In the case of highly susceptible cultivars, the reductions in yield parameters were maximum, whereas the reductions in resistant and moderately resistant cultivars were found to be minimum. As cultivars Long Green, Marketmore, Pioneer-II, Dynasty and Summer Green experienced no significant damage compared to susceptible cucumber cultivars and therefore, they are approved for cultivation in nematode infested soils.
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