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Malopolska region is the region specific in many respects, it has crucial importance for the proper functioning of both economy and social life but also natural environment of Poland. Poland’s integration into the European Union provided a major and unique chance for relatively fast improvement of economic situation of rural dwellers and primarily for regulating processes associated with water cycle and water erosion, and the necessity to protect water resources and natural biocenoses which have been disturbed or degraded in result of too intensive development of agriculture in these areas in the past. EU agricultural policy allocates sufficient means from the Community funds to these aims but only if a number of complex activities to improve agricultural facilities and agrienvironmental measures are implemented by the farmers of the region. In many parts of the Malopolska farm production should be connected with protective and conservative measures. Agriculture in the province, so far focused only on production, should change into multifunctional one in the nearest future. The authors think that because of specific landscape, therapeutic, recreational and cultural values of mountain and upland areas of Malopolska and their importance for national economy and flood-protection of the country, three provinces (Malopolska, Podkarpacie and Silesia) should be included in a separate operational programme providing means for rational and complex reconstruction of rural utility structures.
The article presents the results of research on the agrotourist entrepreneurship. Such entrepreneurship is understood, among other things, as rural service providers inclination towards self organization of agrotourist associations, willingness to cooperate with farmers running agrotourism farms, foreign language skills and intention of making use of European Union funds.
Disproportions of economic, social and environmental in the development of rural areas occur at every level of an administrative division of a country. These disproportions are applicable to the actions which are and should be taken not only to better the economic situation of rural areas, but to increase the standard of living for the villagers as well. The aim of this article is both to identify and to evaluate the infl uence of factors which characterize the level of socio-economic development of environmental sustainability of rural communes in Małopolska Province. Analyses are based on multiple regression model which represents the approach used by Classical Statistics Analysis (enables the observation of the correlation between multi dimensional structures). Research embraces 125 rural communes, with the exception of urban and urban-rural communes, in Małopolska Province. The conducted researches demonstrate that factors of economic nature, particularly the size of own incomes of a commune and means of EU project fi nancing, exert the most powerful infl uence on the level of environmental sustainability of the researched rural communes.
Due to the specifi c problems of the rural areas in the Małopolska Province, the measures directed at the support of their multifunctional development are of a particular importance. Such measures are one of the principal aims of the rural areas development policy. This paper is an attempt to determine the direction of the spatial allocation of the funds received in the framework of the selected measures within the Rural Development Program (PROW) in the years 2007–2013, assigned to the support of the multifunctional development of rural areas, taking into account the socio-economic development level of the communes in the rural areas of the Małopolska Province. The results of the study suggest a territorial variations in the funds’ absorption and the existence of signifi cant differences in this respect among the studied communes. However, on the level of individual communes, no relationships among the socio-economic development level of a commune and the total value of the subsidies obtained by the benefi ciaries in the commune were revealed.
The paper deals with the issue of rural problem areas. The author tries to present the possibility of an integrated approach to problem areas, showing different criteria of their delimitation as well as the time-space template. On the example of the Małopolska case study different categories and types of problem communes have been distinguished. The statistics referring to this area have also been shown.
17 samples of common sorrel were collected from natural sites in the Małopolska region. The content of selected heavy metals (zinc, copper, manganese, iron, chromium, nickel, lead and cadmium) were determined in individual plant organs. The greatest diversification occurred for cadmium, manganese and zinc; the smallest differences were noted for copper. Correlation coefficients between total soil heavy metal concentrations and their content in sorrel were generally low and very low; only the coefficients for cadmium and lead may be considered as high and very high. Allowable lead content was exceeded in all samples of sorrel leaves, whereas cadmium concentrations were in about 90% of the samples. Sorrel roots most strongly accumulated the metals, whereas the smallest content was found in the stems.
Background. The locus of health control is one of the individual characteristics determining the diet of an individual. Objective. The aim of this study was to analyse the consumption frequency of selected food products depending on the locus ofhealth control in a group of pregnant women residing in a small town and rural setting in Małopolska district. Material and methods. The study was conducted in a group of 300 pregnant women from Małopolska region, who were between 20 and 40 years of age (29.02±6.33). The consumption frequency of food products was examined with a prepared questionnaire, in a 7-item scale (from 7 points - several times a day to 1 point - never). The locus of health control was determined with the MHLC scale developed by K.A. Wallston et al., and adapted by Z. Juczynski. The relationship between the MHLC scale and the frequency of consumption of various products was estimated on the basis of Spearman S coefficients of rank correlation and the Mann-Whitney U test, using Statistica 10.0 software. Results. Higher level of internal control (MHLC-I) was associated with significant increase in the consumption frequency of orange and red vegetables (p<0.01), marine fish (p<0.01), and seafood (p<0.05), and lower ingestion of margarine (p<0.05). Higher influence of powerful others (MHLC-P) was associated with significant increase in the consumption frequency of cheese (p<0.01), salted snacks (p<0.01), and fast food products (p<0.01), and lower ingestion of whole grains (p<0.01), oat meal (p<0.01), eggs (p<0.01), pork and pork sausages (p<0.05). Higher influence of the chance locus of health control (MHLC-C) was associated with significantly reduced frequency of consuming whole grains (p<0.01), oat meal (p<0.01), nuts (p<0.01), marine fish (p<0.05), and fresh fruit or vegetable juices (p<0.05), as well as with more frequent ingestion of salted snacks (p<0.05). Conclusions. Pregnant women with the internal control made more rational nutritional choices significantly more frequently than those with the external control.
A new act on maintaining the cleanliness and order in communes of 1 July, 2011, will become effective in Poland on 1 January, 2012. The act will come fully into force on 1 July, 2013. According to this act regulations, commune self-governments take over the obligations of the property owners concerning waste management, moreover, they become responsible for construction and maintenance of the infrastructure supporting recycling and waste disposal processes. The self-governments were granted a 1.5 year transition period to implement the act regulations.The introduced changes are an adjustment of Polish regulation to the European law. Only in Poland and Hungary local self-governments have not yet been responsible for management of waste generated in their areas.The article presents an analysis of the basic changes introduced by the act to the Polish system of municipal waste management. Presented are also the estimates of the mass of wastes collected on the territory of Poland with particular regard to the Małopolskie voivodeship. Calculations and forecasts were made on the basis of information collected by the Main Statistical Office (GUS) and commune offices, where systems similar to the one introduced by the act have been operating for several years. The act assumes that all citizens of Poland will be covered by a system of waste collection, but will also have to pay so called "garbage tax", which should translate into increased amount of collected wastes, especially in these communes where wastes collection system was faulty. In Małopolskie only in 30 communes the 100% of inhabitants have signed contracts for garbage disposal. In the communes where the modern municipal waste management system has been operating, the increase in the mass of collected wastes (for the first three years of system operation) ranged between 31% and 94% in relation to the mass collected in the year preceding the introduction of the new system, although over 90% of local inhabitants were covered by the previous system. As results from the analyses, after introducing the new act the amount of wastes collected in the Małopolskie voivodeship may increase from the level of 765,000 Mg (2010) to over 1.1 M Mg (1.4 M Mg according to less optimistic forecasts), assuming that all generated wastes will be collected (the same amount as in 2010). In some of the Małopolskie communes the estimated increase in collected municipal wastes may reach over 500%.
Background. The formative years of adolescence are a crucial time for developing eating habits which, amongst other factors, are determined by personality traits. Objective. The aim of the study was to estimate eating behaviour in a group of middle school pupils according to gender and locus of control (LOC). Materials and methods. Subjects were n=200 boys and n=200 girls, aged 14-16 living in the Malopolska region of Poland who were surveyed by questionnaire about their eating habits. A standardised Delta questionnaire, by Drwal, was used to assess LOC. Based on the median from the raw LOC scale scores, groups of boys and girls were thereby identified as having high internal (below the median) or high external (above the median) loci of control. The Chi2 test assessed the dependence between LOC and eating habits using PQStat software ver. 1.4.2.324 adopting values of p<0.05 as being statistically significant. Results. Boys were found to consume dairy products significantly more frequently than girls (P<0.001), and likewise for sugary fizzy drinks (P<0.05). Dairy products were consumed daily by 51% girls and 70% boys (P<0.001), whilst fizzy drinks by 32% girls and 43% boys (P<0.05). Girls with an external LOC consumed breakfast (P<0.01) and second breakfast (P<0.001) less regularly, with a less frequent consumption of fruit (P<0.001) and dairy products (P<0.01). Boys having an external LOC consumed meals less frequently (P<0.01), whereas sweets and confectionery products (P<0.001) and fizzy drinks (P<0.05) were consumed more often, compared to boys with an internal LOC. Conclusions. Numerous irregularities in diet and differences in certain eating behaviour have been found in middle school students that relate to their gender and LOC. The more rational and appropriate choices were taken by subjects with an internal LOC.
Raw material obtained from the cultivated area contains very high amount of volatile oil, i.e. from 2.27 to 3.04%. Significant percentage of monoterpene alcohols and their ace­tates, indicate high quality of the oil. The investigated lavender flowers collected in Miechów district, represent valuable herbal products in respect to their quality, and comparable to those cultivated in the Mediterranean region.
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