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Comparison ofrecording results of purebred and crossbred Limousine cattle in Poland.The aim of the study was to compare purebred and crossbred Limousine cattle in respect to theircompliance with the breeding goals and standards adopted by the Polish Association of Breeders and Producers of Beef Cattle. The study wasbased on datafor the years 2002-2015 from the PABPBC and for the years 1996-2001 from the National Center of Animal Breeding (NCAB). The properties that were evaluated were the average weight of cows (kg), average body weight of calves after birth (kg), average daily weight gain of calves from birth to 210 days (g), average body weight of calves at 210 days (kg) and average milk yield of cows (kg).The averagebody weight of cows did not differ from the breeding goal for either purebred or crossbred Limousine cows. Purebred cows were always heavier than crossbred cows, but the weight difference was almost 100 kg in 1999 and in 2006, only 20 kg. Body weight after birth for purebred and crossbred bull calves was comparable. Purebred Limousine calves consistently had higher daily weight gain than crossbred calves. The average milk yield of purebred and crossbred Limousine cows was about 2000 kg, and did not change significantly in any year.
Calving course of 100 cows of Limousine breed covered by bulls of the same breed as well as 100 cows of Polish Holstein-Friesian breed inseminated with Limousine bull's semen was investigated. In purebred population the material was taken from the beef cattle recording scheme provided by the Polish Association of Beef Cattle Breeders and Producers. In case of commercial crossing the material was taken from the questionnaires collected by the technicians representing Mazovian Centre of Animal Breeding and Reproduction in Łowicz. The data base covered calving course degree and calf body weight at birth degree. It was proved, that the significantly higher ratio of deliveries when human help was needed was stated in the purebred Limousine population (14%), in comparison to crossbreeding where the above mentioned ratio was only 7%. The most difficult calvings were observed for the calves of the highest birth weight. The high ratio of assisted calvings in commercial crossing as well as in purebred population of Limousines suggest that all of the deliveries should be monitored by the breeders. It should be also stated that the ratio of difficult calvings in the commercial crossing is significantly lower than that observed in purebred PHF population. Because of so low ratio of assisted calvings in commercial crossing with Limousine bulls it should be recommended to use the semen of bulls which pedigree show high body weight at birth and muscularity.
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Analysis of results assessment of growth of Charolais beef cattle in Poland. The aim of the study was to assess the utility of selected results of the French Charolais breed with respect to their compliance with the goal of racial breeding and standards adopted by the Polish Association of Breeders and Producers of Beef Cattle (PABPBC). The subject of the analysis were recording results of the French Charolais beef cattle breed in Poland. The study was based on data for the years 2002-2013 of PABPBC and the National Center of Animal Breeding (NCAB) for 1996-2001. The data set included: n - the number of animals tested, min. - Minimum values in the studied traits, max. - the maximum value of the selected features, average - average values of the analyzed traits, SD - standard deviation. Evaluated properties are: average weight of cows (kg), the average body weight of calves after birth (kg), the average daily gains for age 210 days (g), the average body weight of calves at the age of 210 days (kg), the average milk yield (kg), the terms of cows and heifers calving aptitude, the distribution of the population according to the order of calving cows. One can observe a gradual decline in the share of Charolais breed in national beef cattle population, also shows a significant decrease in the number of crossbreds with Charolais breed. The average weight of cows in 2005-2006 amounting to 559.4 and 570.2 kg meet the standards for breeding of cows entered in the initial part of the herd book, which define the minimum weight of Charolais cows after first calving as 550 kg. The average weight at birth of heifer calves in each year assessment was similar, but after 2008 began more than 40 kg. In purebred bull calves was seen a systematic increase in the average birth weight. The difference in birth weights between heifers and bulls ranged from 1 kg in 1999 to 3.6 kg in 2012. High average daily weight gains of bulls to 210 days of age, at short extra supplementary fattening period of about one month allow to export the animals weighing about 300 kg at an good price. The average daily gains of heifers (550-560 g), guarantee obtaining at 15 months of age body weight allowing the commencement of breeding. From 30.4 to 47.8% Charolais cows in recent years delivered in the relevant period.
The aim of the research was to analyse the basic body measurements and to define the relationship between pelvis area index (IPM) and body weight (M), height at sacrum (WK) as well as chest circumference (OKP) of Limousine beef cows. Data concerning 634 Limousine cows were taken as a material for investigation. The measurements of chest circumference, height at sacrum and cows body weight were carried out. To calculate pelvis area index the following body measurements were collected: width at hips Tuber coxarum (Tc), width at pins Tuber ischium (Ti), length of pelvis (TcTi). Correlation coefficients between pelvis area index (IPM) and body weight (M), height at sacrum (WK), chest circumference (OKP) were calculated using Spearman method by SPSS 12.0. The high variability of cow body weight for Limousine breed was observed. Variability coefficients (CV) of cow body weight ranged from 18.3 to 20% and were much higher than variability coefficients of body measurements which were similar to those obtained by the other authors. All of correlation coefficients between pelvis area index and the basic body measurements and cow body weight were positive and statistically significant (p < 0.01). Statistically significant (p < 0.01) correlation between IPM and cow body weight (M) and chest circumference (OKP) as well as height at sacrum (WK) justify the Polish breeders aspirations to enlarge the body weight and caliber of beef cows.
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Transcriptomic index of skeletal muscle of beef breeds bulls

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In the present study cDNA microarray (18263 probes) were used for analysis of bovine skeletal muscle (m.semitendinosus) transcriptome in 12-month-old bulls of four cattle breeds: Holstein-Friesian (HF), Limousine (LIM), Hereford (HER) and Polish Red (PR), aiming to identify the genes, which expression is common for beef breed bulls. The number of transcripts significantly different from HF bulls muscle amounted to 393, 462 and 638 for LIM, HER and PR, respectively. As a result of this study the transcriptomic index was proposed, being the set of 48 genes expressed similarly in beef breed bulls in comparison to HF bulls. Classification of genes according to molecular function of their protein products has shown the highest number of genes encoding proteins involved in nucleic acid binding (10), regulatory proteins (6), kinases (4) and signaling molecules (3). Classification according to biological processes revealed the highest number of genes involved in protein metabolism i modification (14), signal transduction (5), cell cycle (4), intracellular protein traffic (4), nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism (4), apoptosis (3), cell structure and motility (3), and cellular transport (3). Since the role of the most genes included to the transcriptomic index has not been described yet in bovine skeletal muscle, obtained results may be very useful in revealing new candidate genes to search a new criteria of animal selection in beef production.
Badania dotyczyły zawartości magnezu w glebach, runi pastwiskowej, słomie i paszy treściwej oraz surowicy krwi krów rasy mięsnej Limousine, przebywających na pastwisku. Stwierdzono średnią zawartość magnezu w glebie, niską w runi pastwiskowej oraz w granicach dolnych norm zapotrzebowania, w dawce pokarmowej krów. Wystąpił niedobór magnezu w surowicy krwi badanych krów. Wskazane jest więc umiejętne nawożenie gleb oraz właściwe stosowanie dodatków mineralnych w żywieniu krów na pastwisku. W przypadku niskiej zawartości związków mineralnych w paszach, zwłaszcza magnezu (mała jego przyswajalność przez bydło), może w skrajnych przypadkach prowadzić nawet do tzw. tężyczki pastwiskowej, a także obniżenia produkcyjności krów.
Podjęto próbę określenia wpływu buhajów francuskich, których nasienie używane jest do reprodukcji stada rasy limousine - na kształtowanie się parametrów oceny ich potomstwa. Badania zlokalizowano w Centrum Hodowli Bydła Mięsnego w Olsztynie - gospodarstwie Bałdy. Analiza porodów, przyrostów dobowych i masy ciała oraz pomiarów zoometrycznych wykazała wystąpienie wymiernych różnic określanych wskaźników, między grupami zwierząt pochodzącymi po poszczególnych buhajach. Z upływem wieku następowało wyrównanie porównywanych parametrów oceny, natomiast buhaje przekazały na potomstwo cechy charakterystyczne dla różnych typów tzw. rzeźnego (viande) i mieszanego (mixte).
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