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The use of toll-like receptor agonists in immunotherapy is a new approach in the prevention of immunosuppression during fatal Leishmania parasite infection. The objective of such immunotherapy is to activate specific cell-mediated immune responses, macrophage activation and antigen-responsive inflammation, to kill intracellular amastigotes. Toll-like receptor agonist-based treatment in immunocompetent hosts can be effective either by selective use of the agonists alone or in combination with the anti-leishmanial drug stibanate. Recent investigations suggest that toll-like receptor signal pathways constitute a possible new mode of anti-leishmanial treatment. This article describes the prospect of toll-like receptor – mediated signal pathways in the immunotherapy of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniosis, as well as post kala-azar dermal leishmaniosis (PKADL), a skin-sequel of visceral infection. Suitable synthetic agonists need to be developed for toll-like receptors to overcome immunosuppression.
Leishmania parasites are the etiological agents of leishmaniosis, with severe course and often fatal prognosis, and the global number of cases has increased in recent decades. The gold standards for the diagnosis of leishmaniosis are microscopic examinations and culture in vitro of the different clinical specimens. The sensitivity of these methods is insufficient. Recent development in specific and sensitive molecular methods (PCR) allows for detection as well as identification of the parasite species (subspecies). The aim of the study was to estimate the usefulness of molecular methods (PCR) for detection of Leishmania species and consequently for the implementation of such methods in routine diagnostics of leishmaniosis in Polish patients returning from endemic areas of the disease. In our investigations we used 54 known Leishmania positive DNA templates (from culture and clinical specimens) received from the CDC (Atlanta, GA, USA). Moreover, 25 samples of bone marrow, blood or other tissues obtained from 18 Polish individuals suspected of leishmaniosis were also examined. In PCR we used two pairs of primers specific to the conserved region of Leishmania kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircle (13A/13B and F/R). Using these primers we obtained amplicons in all DNA templates from the CDC and in three Polish patients suspected for Leishmania infection. In one sample from among these cases we also obtained positive results with DNA isolated from a blood specimen which was previously negative in microscopic examinations.
Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) is an infectious disease of zoonotic potential, caused by protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Common clinical manifestations of canine visceral leishmaniosis include decrease of appetite, progressive weight loss, exercise intolerance, peripheral lymph node and spleen enlargement, chronic renal and liver disease, muscle, atrophy, polyarthritis and others. Because the Polish literature in the field contains no information on leishmaniosis in animals the recognised case of this disease is presented. Homeless mongrel, intact female dog, 3 years of age was brought to a veterinary clinic because of apathy, and generalised dermatologie lesions to perform routine examination. Because therapeutic effect of primarily recognised scabies was unsatisfactory, the skin samples from ear margins, trunk and lesion of the area of the left gluteal region for histopatologie examination were taken. Due to suspicion of leishmaniosis, fine-needle aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes, skin lesions, ocular discharge and imprint samples from skin lesion were performed, and tissue collected were examined under optical microscopy for identification of Leishmania amastigotes. To confirm cytologic diagnosis, blood samples for serological tests (enzyme-linked im- munoabsorbent assay-ELISA; indirect immunofluorescence assay test-IFAT) were taken. Based on physical examination, histopatology, cytopathology and serology, canine visceral leishmaniosis was finally diagnosed.
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Leiszmanioza u psow

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The leishmaniases are zoonotic diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniases are still endemic in China, especially in the west and northwest froniter regions. To revalue the preliminary phylogenetic results of Chinese Leishmania isolates, we amplified partial fragment of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and 7 spliced leader RNA (7SL RNA), then tested the phylogenetic relationships among Chinese Leishmania isolates and their relatives by analyzing SSU rRNA gene sequences and 7SL RNA gene sequences. 19 SSU RNA sequences and 9 7SL RNA sequences were obtained in our study, then analyzed with 42 SSU RNA sequences and 32 7SL RNA sequences retrieved from Genbank, respectively. In the Bayesian analysis of the SSU RNA gene, the isolate MHOM/CN/93/GS7 and the isolate IPHL/CN/77/XJ771 are members of Leishmania donovani complex, while the isolate MHOM/CN/84/JS1 clustered with Leishmania tropica. The other 11 Chinese Leishmania isolates (MHOM/CN/90/WC, MCAN/CN/90/SC11, MHOM/CN/80/XJ801, MHOM/CN/85/GS4, MHOM/CN/84/SD1, MCAN/CN/86/SC7, MHOM/CN/54/#3, MHOM/CN/83/GS2, MHOM/CN/90/SC10H2, MHOM/CN/89/GS6 and MHOM/CN/ 89/GS5) form an unclassified group, defined as Leishmania sp., and the most relative species to this group is L. tarentolae. In the Bayesian analysis of the 7SL RNA gene, 9 Chinese Leishmania isolates also formed an unclassified group with L. tarentolae, including canine isolate 10, MHOM/CN/85/GS4, MHOM/CN/84/SD1, MCAN/CN/86/SC7, MHOM/CN/54/#3, MHOM/ CN/83/GS2, MHOM/CN/90/SC10H2, MHOM/CN/89/GS6 and MHOM/CN/89/GS5. We concluded that: (1) Chinese Leishmania isolates are non-monophyly group; (2) an unclassified group may exist in China, and the most relative species to this group is L. tarentolae; (3) MHOM/CN/84/JS1, which was previously assigned as L. donovani, was most genetically related to L. tropica strain MHOM/SU/74/K27.
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The scope of this work is the presentation of new theories concerning the role of complement (C) in the resistance of high organism to the infection caused by protozoa. The mechanisms protecting of Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii and Naegleria fowleri from the action of C are also described.
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