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In the years 2005– 2006, in the Karkonoski National Park there were conducted observations on infestation of spruce trees by bark beetles (Col., Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Data on bark beetle species composition and frequency of occurrence of individual species were collected. The data on development phenology of the small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus in the upper subalpine spruce forest sites (1000– 1250 m a.s.l.) indicated higher frequency of occurrence of this species (26.3%) when compared to the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. The study included analyses of population size, density, fecundity and mortality of I. amitinus. The rate of development in I. amitinus in the Karkonosze Mts. is similar to that observed in the Alps. The number of laid eggs observed was low and the reproduction success was very high at minimal mortality. Establishment of feeding galleries and egg laying lasted several weeks and 1/3 of feeding galleries were found in the second series of trap trees.
This paper presents the introductory considerations for soil monitoring to be established in the forested zone of the Karkonosze National Park. The strategy and techniques of soil sampling are discussed with reference to the variability of soil properties. Based on the examples of 12 monitoring areas and the detailed analysis made for 5 of them, it was found that particularly high spatial differentiation (with SD> 50%) was typical for several soil parameters, i.e. the thickness of organic horizon, concentrations of available nutrients and total concentrations of heavy metals. On the contrary, the soil pH reaction did not vary significantly. Calculated total pools of nutrients and pollutants present in soil organic layers were comparable with those accumulated in mineral soil horizons to a depth of 20 cm. The data proved that such parameters as mean thickness of organic layer, surface coverage with rocks and the contribution of skeletal fractions in the mineral soil are of great importance for correct estimation of soil quality, in particular for the correct assessment of nutrient supply and the amount of pollutants accumulated in soils.
The study deals with long-term dynamics of snags and fallen dead wood from 1970 to 2010 in an unmanaged forest ecosystem dominated by European beech in the Bažinky area, Krkonoše National Park (Czech Republic). The volume of dead wood was estimated from 1970 separately for fallen dead wood (logs) and standing dead wood (snags and stumps). Total dead wood volume on permanent research plot (PRP) 6 increased from 41.9 to 241.6 m3 ha–1 and on PRP 7 from 27.7 to 170.0 m3 ha–1. During 40 year case study the mean total volume of fallen dead wood was 193.3 m3 ha–1 (± 29.8 S.E.) and 96.2 m3 ha–1 (± 19.4 S.E.) and the mean total volume of standing dead wood was 17.4 m3 ha–1 (± 3.4 S.E.) and 12.6 m3 ha–1(± 1.4 S.E.) on PRP 6 and PRP 7, respectively. Comparing tree species, the mean volume of fallen dead wood was significantly higher for Norway spruce than for beech in the decomposition class 1 (F(1, 14) = 5.7, P = 0.03) and significantly higher for beech in the decomposition classes 4 (F(1, 14) = 20.4, P < 0.001) and 5 (F(1, 14) = 25.5, P < 0.001). Dead wood was distributed from randomly to aggregated spatial pattern. Despite the rapid decay of beech wood, the amounts of deadwood are likely to increase further during the next decades with continuing disintegration of the forest stand.
The aim of the paper was to assess the role of forest litter and mineral soil layers (0-10 and 10-20 cm) as stocks of plant-available macronutrients intheforested zone of the Karkonosze Mountains National Park, an area of forest decline at the end of 20th century. Soil samples were collected in 529 monitoring sites arranged in a 200x300 m grid. Concentrations of plant-available nutrients were much higher in the organic layer (forest litter) than in mineral soil layers, but calculated pools of available nutrients in the organic layer contributed to a lesser extent to their total pools. Those pools of nutrients stored up in the upper forest zone (1 000-1 250 m a.s.l.) proved to be significantly larger than those in the lower forest zone (500-750 m a.s.l.).
To determine the influence of tree canopy composition on growth and physiological performance of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Karkonoski National Park (Sudety Mountains. Southern Poland). three-year-old fir seedlings were planted in five forest stands dominated by Betula pendula. Fogus sylvatica. Larix decidua. Picea abies or Pinus sylvestris. The stands differed in canopy openness such that young fir plants experienced drastically different light environments. After three years of acclimation to site conditions, length of shoots, seasonal changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, and the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids and nutrients in the needles were studied to evaluate the seedling performance. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the young seedlings responded strongly to local light conditions. The lengths of leader shoot and twigs of the upper whorl reflected variation in canopy openness during the growing season and were highest under Larix. The potential quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) showed a strong depression in the spring, especially under the leafless canopies of Betula and Fagus, probably because of the occurrence of low air temperatures. Later in the season Fv/Fm showed substantial recovery in all stands. Effective quantum yield ΦPSII measured under actinic light also showed a growing trend throughout the season with the lowest levels noted in the spring, particularly under Fagus and Betula. Fluorescence quenching revealed complex seasonal behaviour with little obvious relationship with stand illumination, except for consistently low value of photochemical quenching, and immediate or high nonphotochemical quenching under the dark Picea canopy, probably reflecting photoprotective acclimation to sunflecks. Although needle chlorophyll content showed no relationship to ambient light, the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll was positively linked to canopy openness suggesting the existence of leaf photoprotection that evaded detection by quenching analysis. Nutrient contents in needles depended on site conditions. In the light-transparent Larix stand, the fir needles were strongly depleted in Mg and Ca. Overall, however, all fir plants from experimental plots had much lower needle nutrient content than nursery-raised plants. Needle chlorosis found in Betula and Pinus stands was, however, not caused by macronutrient deficiencies. Considering all variables, conditions most conducive for fir growth and good vigor were found under larch and pine canopies where light penetration was intermediate to high. In contrast, the poorest conditions were found in the Betula stand, where high light penetration in the spring was followed by shading of firs during the growing season.
The influence of dwarf mountain pine scrub degradation on organic matter transformation was analyzed in this paper. The subject of the research were podzolic soils covered by the scrubs of the dwarf mountain pine without any visible symptoms of degradation, with the dying dwarf mountain pine and with the extinct dwarf mountain pine and successively developing grass. The microhabitat conditions in the degraded ecosystems were conducive to intensified minera- lization with a simultaneous forming of low-molecular humic bonds characterized by significant liability. Because of this a high degree of the humification of the organic matter conditioned by the illuvial character of the fulvic fraction and fulvic acids appeared in the enrichment horizons of the degraded soils. The conditions of humification in the degraded habitats of dwarf mountain pine scrubs lead also to the formation of weakly mature humic acids, characterized by a lower degree of particle internal oxidation especially in the OH horizons.
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