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A Triassic spider from Italy

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A new fossil spider from the Triassic (Norian) Dolomia di Forni Formation of Friuli, Italy, is described as Friularachne rigoi gen. et sp. nov. This find brings the number of known Triassic spider species to four. The specimen is an adult male, and consideration of various features, including enlarged, porrect chelicerae, subequal leg length, and presence of a dorsal scutum, point to its identity as a possible member of the mygalomorph superfamily Atypoidea. If correct, this would extend the geological record of the superfamily some 98–115 Ma from the late Early Cretaceous (?Albian, c. 100–112 Ma) to the late middle–early late Norian (c. 210–215 Ma).
Following the introductions carried out in late 1960s, Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus Allen, 1890 rapidly colonized the Po Plain (northern Italy), following the Po River and its tributaries. We monitored a cottontail population using the line-transect method from autumn 2005 to spring 2009 in a 8.2-km2 study area located along the Po River, and we investigated species habitat requirements by assessing the presence/absence of faecal pellets in 200 randomly distributed plots from September 2006 to August 2007 and by Resource Selection Probability Function through logistic regression analyses and multi-model inference. The cottontail population varied dramatically over time in size, with a great drop at the end of the breeding period. Cottontails selected foraging habitats at the macro- and micro-scales, with some differences among seasons. Two macro-habitat variables differed significantly between used and unused plots through seasons: arboriculture stands were always greater in presence plots, whereas winter cereals were always greater in absence ones. On the macro-level, woody and herbaceous habitats, such as fallow fields, characterized presence plots. At the micro-habitat level, presence plots were associated with permanent dense cover except during summer. Several logistic regression models were built through seasons and ranked using the Akaike’s Information Criterion. Arboriculture stands enhanced cottontail presence mostly during the growing season contrary to crop fields. Hedgerows were used according to availability during feeding activity. Cottontail habitat selection varied according to seasonal changes in resource availability and suitability of the different habitat types.
Background. By leading a healthy lifestyle, medical students exert a positive influence on themselves and their future patients. The aim of the study was to compare the attitudes towards physical activity in future German and Italian physicians. Material and methods. The study involved 100 Italian and 100 German students aged from 19 to 24 years old. The research findings were drawn from Eurobarometer 72.3, which surveyed the participants on a set of questions regarding their physical activity. The chisquared test (ᵪ2) and the Mann–Whitney U test were used for the statistical analysis. Results. Only 4% students demonstrated high physical activity index. The Italian students usually practised sports outdoors (30% men and 26% women) or at a fitness centre (52% men and 30% women), whereas the German students exercised at a fitness centre (40% males and 64% females) or at university facilities (30% males and 24% females). There were some statistically significant values (p=0.000398). The most common factors that caused physical inactivity in medical students from both nations included: lack of time, no friends to do sports with, no sense of purposefulness of exercise and aversion to competition (p=0.000009). The German participants were more interested in sports than their Italian peers (p=0.000018). Conclusions. Medicinal students should be more physically active because they will promote a healthy lifestyle when counselling their patients. Free access to sports grounds at the university might also encourage them to spend more their leisure time actively.
We examined 181 skulls of crested porcupine Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758 from Sicily, mainland Italy, and from several African countries. Two skulls, both from Sicily, had anomalous dentition. One skull exhibited a case of supernumerary dentition, whereas the other one showed a dental malformation with numerary teeth reduction. The type of anomaly was determined in each skull examined and some hypotheses for explaining these anomalies were presented.
Triassic corals with septa that branch repeatedly and centripetally are here assigned to a new genus Furcophyllia. Septa of F. septafindens (Volz, 1896), re−described from the Italian Dolomites, are composed of 3–10 blades (“septal brooms”). Distances between adjacent septa and their branches are equal, and the thickness of all blades is approximately the same throughout ontogeny. However, none of the septal brooms show the same branching pattern. Proposed herein is a simple computer model that reproduces septal pattern, similar to that of Furcophyllia, based on a minimal set of rules: (i) uniform coverage of intra−calicular space; (ii) regular bifurcations following some probability; (iii) keeping some minimal distance between septal branches. The elaborate septal pattern of Furcophyllia suggests a distinct organization of the polyp’s soft tissue, especially mesenteries whose appearance in modern corals is associated with insertion of sclerosepta. Hypothesis 1 suggests that mesenterial pairs flanked only “septal brooms” and that septal branches functionally corresponded with septal microarchitecture. Hypothesis 2 suggests that mesenterial pairs developed between all septal branches that functionally correspond with conventional septa. Delicate menianae, which developed on Furcophyllia septal faces (and many other Triassic corals) resemble similar septal microarchitecture of the Recent agariciid Leptoseris fragilis and may be closely related to the suspension feeding strategy of this coral. The furcate septal arrangement in Furcophyllia is unique among Triassic corals, and generally, among Mesozoic and Cenozoic corals. The only analogous corals are Cretaceous aulastraeoporids (e.g., Preverastrea, Paronastraea), Trochoidomeandra, and some Jurassic rhipidogyrids having secondary (apophysal) septal branches. In some Recent caryophylliids (Trochocyathus rhombocolumna, Phacelocyathus flos) primary septa may also split dichotomously and centripetally.
The factors influencing the presence/absence of the edible dormouse Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) in forest fragments in Mediterranean central Italy were investigated by performing repeated nocturnal surveys in 38 woodlots. The various woodlots were different from each other in terms of area, degree of isolation, and floristic and structural characteristics. The effects of different types of forest management and human activities on dormouse distribution were also analysed. Dormice occurred in all the surveyed high forests, while no sign of their presence was detected in coppices with a rotation cycle short (<18 years). There were significant differences between coppices and high forests, but not between grazed and ungrazed woodlots, and rotational and non-rotational forests. Correspondence analysis corroborated the empirical evidence, showing a close association between presence of dormice and high forests, and, to a lesser degree, rotational forests. Concerning environmental parameters, favourable woods were those with high trees and with low stem number, while the specific tree assemblages proved to be scarcely important. Wood area was more important than isolation in predicting presence or absence of this rodent, as the highest probability was associated with woodlots of 40-50 ha area and more. These results did not provide evidences about the importance of the amount of residual habitat in the 10 km2 surrounding the woodlot and the presence of hedgerows as ecological corridors.
Faeces were collected monthly along transects in 9 areas of the Pisa province, central Italy, from April 1992 to March 1993 (total km walked = 982). An index of fox abundance (n of faeces per km) was computed. It was negatively influenced by rainfall in the 20 days preceding the transect, but was unrelated to the percentage of plant material in the diet. Differences among areas (averages from 0.338 to 2.966 faeces per km) were significant (p < 0.0001) and consistent throughout the year, Faeces were randomly distributed along the transects. The index may therefore provide an efficient and inexpensive method to evaluate relative abundance of foxes, but compari­sons should include only areas and periods with similar rainfall. Seasonal population fluctuations are not detectable. Best results may be obtained when rainfall in the 20 days preceding the transect did not exceed 50 mm.
Red deer Ceruus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 stags from the Mesola Wood (northern Italy) are known for the very simplified structure of their antlers. An analysts was made of 180 sets of cranial appendages on 41 different individuals observed over 10 years, Considering only stags 5 years and older, the mean number of tines per antler pair was 5.36. The maximum number of tines per beam was invariably 4: the bez tine and the crown were always absent. Yearlings and subadults exhibited scarcely developed cranial appendages, with a high incidence of knobbers and spikers respect­ively. While the poor performance of young classes may be mainly due to malnutrition, in adult stags a genetic component may prevail over dietary factors: selective shooting, inbreeding and genetic drift could have fixed the already simple design of their antlers.
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