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In December 1997 and June-July 2000, 49 and 113 rhizosphere soil and root mixtures were collected, respectively, to determine the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the phylum Glomeromycota in different sites of Israel. Except for five samples taken from under cultivated plants, all the others came from under Ammophila arenaria and Oenothera drummondii colonizing sand dunes adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea. After a continuous cultivation of the mixtures in pot trap cultures with Plantago lanceolata as the plant host up to 2006 and their examination at least twice a year, spores of AMF were found in 41 and 103 cultures with the 1997 and 2000 soil and root mixtures, respectively. The spores represented 30 species and 8 undescribed morphotypes in 7 genera of the Glomeromycota. The AMF most frequently found in Israeli soils were Glomus aurantium and G. constrictum, followed by G. coronatum, G. gibbosum, an undescribed Glomus 178, and Scutellospora dipurpurescens. Up to 2001, 21 species of AMF were known to occur in Israel, and this paper increases this number to 33, of which 11 are new fungi for this country. Moreover, four species, G. aurantium, G. drummondii, G. walkeri and G. xanthium, were recently described as new for science based on spores isolated from Israeli soils. Additionally, the general distribution in the world of the formally described species found in Israel was presented.
Endonura cretensis (Ellis, 1976) is redescribed, disscused and illustrated on the basis of the holotype and new specimens. The species is recorded from Israel for the first time. Within the genus it is strongly isolated and the most similar to E. urotuberculata Pomorski et Skarżyński, 2000 from Bulgaria.
Space use of Gerbillus dasyurus (Wagner, 1842) was studied on a 1,25-ha site during 2 months. The density was 20.8 animals per ha and 72.7% of captured indivi­duals were sexually active adults. The observed sex ratio differed significantly from 1:1 with a male bias. An active ventral sebaceous gland was recorded in reproductively active males only. No significant correlation was found between body mass and ventral gland size. Male home ranges were larger than those of females and overlapped between one another to a greater extent. There were three dusters of capture points which indicated the occurrence of spatial associations of individuals whose home ranges broadly overlapped with one another and were almost isolated from home ranges of individuals belonging to other associations. No difference in microhabitat distribution of male captures was found, whereas that of female captures differed significantly among mierohabitats, being the highest in patches with high shrub cover.
On the basis of previous studies showing a positive correlation between number of copies of retrotransposons and geographical environment, we hypothesized that different ecogeographical conditions on opposite slopes of Evolution Canyon I could cause intraspecific variation in plant genome size. To test this hypothesis, we chose Lotus peregrinus L. (annual, self-pollinator) as the first candidate because of its biological contrast to the previously studied carob tree (long-lived, cross-pollinator). Absolute nuclear DNA content of 60 genotypes of L. peregrinus was estimated by PI flow cytometry, with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Stupicke) as internal reference standard. The mean 2C-value in L. peregrinus was 2.546 pg, ranging from 2.39 pg to 2.71 pg. The mean 2C-value was higher in plants from the south-facing slope (2.549 pg) than from the north-facing slope (2.544 pg), but we were not able to show significant interslope differences in genome size.
Six species of Dasyhelea KIEFFER, 1911 from Israel are recorded for the first time and detailed drawings of their male genitalia are presented. These species represent the following faunal elements: Afrotropical (Dasyhelea flava CARTER, INGRAM et MACFIE, 1921), meridional (eremial) Palaearctic (D. alboverrucosa REMM, 1967, D. punctiventris GOETGHEBUER, 1940), west Palaearctic (D. arenivaga MACFIE, 1943), arboreal Holarctic (D. bifida ZILAHI-SEBESS, 1936) and arboreal Palaearctic (D. turficola KIEFFER, 1925). D. flava is reported for the first time in the Palaearctic Region. Culicoides subneglectus VIMMER, 1932 and C. bulbostylus KHALAF, 1961 are recognized as new junior synonyms of Culicoides trivittatus VIMMER, 1932. Dasyhelea dasyptera GOETGHEBUER, 1934 is recognized as a new junior synonym of Forcipomyia frutetorum (WINNERTZ, 1852).
An abundant resident in Israel, the Graceful Warbler breeds in the northern and central parts of the country and has recently invaded desert areas following their human settlement. Possible seasonal changes in age and sex structure were investigated, as were differences in body measurements in individual sex and age classes as well as changes in the numbers of the Graceful Warbler population in Eilat. No difference was recorded between spring and autumn in the proportion of males to females, nor were significant differences found in the numbers of males and females ringed during the spring and autumn seasons. There was a significant difference in the proportion of juvenile to adult birds trapped in spring and in autumn. Moreover, males had longer wings than females in both seasons. There were no differences in body mass or body condition between sexes in the two seasons. Furthermore, adults had longer wings than first-year birds. Juveniles had longer wings in autumn than in spring, but no differences were recorded in the adults in this respect. In addition, juveniles were in better condition in spring than in autumn; however, there was no difference in body condition of the adults between seasons. The fact that a significant trend was found in the numbers of Graceful Warblers trapped in spring but no such trend in autumn, that a large proportion of recaptured birds were noted in both seasons, and that a high number of individual birds were caught repeatedly during the study period, suggests the existence of a stable or increasing breeding population in Eilat all the year round. In addition, the Bird Sanctuary is like an oasis in the desert environs of Eilat. Hence, the lack of differences among the years in the proportions of males and females between the seasons suggests that it is mainly breeding pairs that occupy the area.
The purpose of the research was to find a time frame for the beginning, duration of maximum intensity, and end of nocturnal bird migration. The research was carried out using photo registration on a radar screen during the spring and autumn seasons of 1999-2001. Examination of the average length of daylight at the beginning of migration and the onset of civil twilight yielded a high correlation factor for both spring and autumn. The results showed that, on average, nocturnal migration began at the onset of civil twilight, that is, half an hour after sunset. The time elapsing between the onset of migration and the maximum concentration of migratory birds averaged about 70 minutes in both spring and autumn. Nocturnal migration usually came to an end within the one and a half to two hours after sunrise. We ascertained the seasonal time shift for the onset of nocturnal migration corresponding to the seasonal time shift related to the approach of darkness. The average times of the beginning, maximum intensity and end of nocturnal migration were found to be related to photoperiodic factors.
Brachydesmus nevoi sp. nov. is described from several places in Israel. This new species shows modest but evident morphism/variation in structure of the gonopod exomere, being the first in the family Polydesmidae to be recorded in the Levant. It seems to be particularly close to several Balkan congeners, but differs in lack of any teeth on the gonopod femoral and/or prefemoral parts and, above all, in a remarkably prominent accessory seminal chamber.
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