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Several new and known Digenea are measured and described; Zoogonidae: Zoogonoides kamegaii sp. n., Zoogonoides anampsi sp. n., Deretrema ludwicki sp. n. and Lecithostaphylus pomacentri sp. n.; Monorchiidae: Lasiotocus himezi Yamaguti, 1951; Opecoelidae: Paradactylostomum saipanensis g. n. sp. n., Pseudopecoeloides capucini sp. n., Pseudopecoeloides wekeula Yamaguti, 1970, Pseudopecoeloides sp., Apertile overstreeti sp. n., Plagioporus (Caudotestis) seychellensis sp. n. and Podocotyloides stenometra Pritchard, 1966; Callodistomidae: Guptatrema papillonae sp. n.; and Opistholebetidae: Maculifer subaequiporus Nicoll, 1915.
New and known trematodes are discussed, immature worms are not taken under consideration. Trematodes mentioned are: Apocreadiidae: Apocreadium balistis Manter, 1947; Acanthocolpidae: Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) McFarlane, 1934; Hemiuridae: Tubulovesicula lycodontis sp. n.; Lecithocladium chingi Manter et Pritchard, 1960.
Our study presents the results of determining labile aluminium form in samples from the 2004 tsunamiaffected coastal zone of Thailand. The samples were collected from tsunami deposits, beach sediments, sediments underlying the tsunami deposits (pre 2004 tsunami soil), as well as from soils from areas, that were not flooded. The extraction of the labile form of aluminium was performed using 3 mol L⁻¹ HCl in twelve grain size fractions. In the surface layer samples the highest concentrations were determined in the tsunami deposits in fractions <0.063 mm (5850 mg kg⁻¹). The highest determined concentration in the whole set of investigated samples occurred in soil sample in fractions 0.09-0.125 mm (19770 mg kg⁻¹). An increase in concentration of labile aluminium form, along with decreasing grain diameter, was observed in samples from all the studied settings. In general, concentrations were higher in soil samples not affected by the tsunami. This is probably due to steady weathering of minerals during soil forming processes and removal of sediment grain surface coatings potentially enriched in labile Al during high energy transport by tsunami.
Phytoplankton samples collected from the Northern Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal, northern Arabian Sea, and Dona Paula Bay Goa, west coast of India), were utilized to quantify changes in cell size, cell volume and carbon per cell of diatoms and dinoflagellates. The dataset from the Bay of Bengal also provides inter- and intra-annual variations (April 2008 to March 2010). The variations in cell size and volume were large in regions influenced by the riverine influx or terrigenous inputs. An interregional comparison of commonly available forms (8 species) points out that cell volumes are highest in the North Atlantic and lowest in the Mediterranean. The information provided will be useful in estimation of carbon biomass and biogeochemical studies.
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami transported large boulders shoreward at Pakarang Cape, Thailand. To elucidate boulder transport processes using their original locations, initial tsunami waveform, and coastal profiles, we conducted a cross-sectional calculation. Our results indicate that the tsunami (trough arrives first) might have displaced boulders and cast some on the tidal bench. However, if the wave crest arrives first, only some reef-edge boulders are displaced and emplaced on the tidal bench. More and larger boulders are displaced and deposited on the tidal bench when the reef slope is gentle, as at Pakarang Cape, than for a steep slope case.
The present study reports a new distribution record for the halacarid mite Acarothrix palustris Bartsch, 1990 on mangrove pneumatophores from Goa, India. Earlier this species was known from Hong Kong and Singapore (West Pacific Ocean). The present report represents the first record of the species from the Indian Ocean.
We investigated damage to mangroves from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at Pakarang Cape and Namkem, Thailand. Visual inspection of remotely sensed images revealed that 12 and 20 ha of mangrove forests were damaged, respectively, at Pakarang Cape and Namkem. Field surveys revealed that mangrove trees were destroyed particularly around the river mouths and channels. Numerical simulation indicated that the flow concentrated at the river mouth and inundated mangrove forests through river channels. We concluded that the tsunami flow pattern was largely affected by local river mouth and channel topography. Damage to mangroves might be severe in such areas.
Based on distinct colony morphology, color, size, shape and certain other traits, 92 bacterial isolates were investigated to understand their managerial ability on iron from the Arabian Sea and Equatorial Indian Ocean samples. The ARDRA (amplified rDNA restriction analysis) applied to eliminate the duplication of the bacterial strains, resulted 39 different banding patterns. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing data indicate the dominancy of three phylogenetic groups, α-Proteobacteria (10.25%), γ-Proteobacteria (35.89%) and Bacilli (53.84%) in these waters. Marinobacter and Bacillus were the only common genera from both of the regions. Pseudoalteromonas, Halomonas, Rheinheitnera, Staphylococcus and Idiomarina were some of the other genera obtained from the Arabian Sea. Erythrobacter, Roseovarius, Sagittula and Nitratireductor were found mostly in Equatorial Indian Ocean. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequence data of some of our iron bacterial strains belong to novel species and one isolate ASS2A could form a new genus. Close to 23% of the isolates were able to produce high affinity sets of ligands like siderophores to mediate iron transport into the cell. The current study indicated that the Equatorial Indian Ocean species were well adapted to oxidize iron as an electron acceptor and the Arabian Sea species preferably go through siderophore production.
Marine samples from the Indian Ocean were used to isolate and characterize the organisms with respect to their fatty acid profiles. Six mesophilic isolates (MBRI 6, MBRI 8, MBRI 9, MBRI 10, MBRI 12 and MBRI 13) were obtained from three different water samples. They were i) Gram-negative, ii) catalase positive, iii) produced acid from glucose and maltose, iv) tolerated 5 to 15% NaCl v) except MBRI 9, showed pH tolerance in the range of 5.0 to 9.0 with optimum pH 7.0 to 8.0 v) grew well at 30°C and were able to grow in the range of 15 to 45°C. EPA, an essential omega-3 fatty acid, was produced by these isolates in the range of 12 to 60% at 30°C. MBRI 12 was found to be a potential source as it produced 60% EPA. This isolate was further identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain belonged to Gammaproteobacteria and was closely related to Halomonas bolviensis (96% sequence similarity, 570 bp). Thus a new genus of Halomonas may be included in earlier reported EPA- producing prokaryotic genera affiliated to the Gammaproteobacteria.
The fruit bats Pteropus livingstonii and Pteropus seychellensis comorensis coexist on two of the Comoro Islands, in the Western Indian Ocean. Pteropus livingstonii is more diurnally active than P. s. comorensis. Differences exist in the feeding strategies exhibited by both species when feeding together on kapok (Ceiba pentandra), with P. livingstonii dominant in aggressive interactions with P. s. comorensis. Preliminary investigations suggest that, although there may be some overlap in feeding ecology, with both species feeding on native forest plants, there may be little evidence of overlap in the native fruits eaten. These differences complement known differences in the roosting ecology, flight behaviour, morphology and timing of reproduction of the two sympatric Pteropus species, and suggest that P. s. comorensis does not act as a major limiting factor on P. livingstonii. The implications for the conservation of the Critically Endangered P. livingstonii are discussed.
Submerged and subaerial coastal morphology, nature and distribution of bottom sediments are among the key factors influencing the environmental impact by tsunami. Here we show our results of the post 2004 tsunami surveys in both offshore and nearshore zones. After the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, new bathymetric map and beach profile measurement along Khao Lak area, SW Thailand were made in 2006. Sedimentological analysis data of 144 bottom sediment samples together with many observation sites by scuba diving and the echosounder profiles were used for creating a detailed map of sediments and rocky bottoms in this area, with a basis scale of 1:30,000. Bottom morphology of the offshore bathymetry, sediment features and distribution patterns in relation to the nature of run-up heights are also discussed. As a result, bottom morphology shows the tsunami impact and run-up reflect the different nature of each contiguous coastal area, and explains how the coastal stretches that were eroded by the tsunami waves were almost fully restored by natural processes of sediment redistribution two years after the catastrophic event.
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