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Background. Ectoparasitic infections of fish are considered to be stress inducing. However, only a few studies have addressed this topic. In addition, formalin bath treatment of rainbow trout is a generally applied method of controlling ectoparasites, but the stress response in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as a result of such treatments with formalin, has not received much attention and therefore needs further elucidation. The present investigation addresses the stress-response induced by parasites and formalin treatment. Materials and Methods. Concentrations of plasma cortisol were monitored using ELISA. Samples were taken from groups subjected to confinement stress, infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and formalin bath treatment. Results. Rainbow trout clearly responded to harmful stimuli by increasing plasma cortisol concentrations. Confinement, formalin bath treatment, as well as infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis resulted in significant high cortisol concentrations in plasma compared to the unhandled and uninfected control groups. Conclusion. The present study showed that cortisol release in rainbow trout is associated with infection with the skin ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Formalin, which is used to control the parasite infection, also elicited a high production of this immuno-suppressing hormone in the host.
Background. The abundance of club cells in epidermal tissue of fishes in the superorder Ostariophysi is a poorly understood phenomenon. Previous results have suggested that epidermal club cells have a generic role in response to injury and that they display intense phagocytotic activity, having an anti-parasitic function in the host. Earlier works suggested that club cells are usually located in the middle of the epidermis and that they do not communicate with the epidermal surface or do it only when the epidermis has been ruptured by predation. The presently reported study focused on the alterations of club cell activity in carp epidermis induced by ectoparasite, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.We hoped that our observations would help to understand the function(s) of these cells. Materials and methods. This study was based on 200 four-month old common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., with mean body weight of 65 ± 5 g. The fish were experimentally infected with theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. In sequential days post infection, samples of fins and body skin were collected for histological and histochemical examination. The correlation between club cell densities and mucous cell densities was analysed using Pearson correlation analyses. Results. A local reduction of mucous cells occurred after theront invasion-induced proliferation, and increased club cell density around the parasite during the growth of trophonts. After parasites left the skin due to salt-water treatment, a decrease in the number of club cells was detected. During reinvasion the decrease in parasite activity in areas of club cells proliferation was not noted. It was found that giant mature club cells were opened on the surface. Conclusion. Club cells have no anti-parasitic function against I. multifiliis and these mature cells released their viscous secretion into water. The high density of club cells in the epidermis compensates an overall low density or absence of mucous cells. As it can be hardly concluded that the function of club cells is phagocytic removal of cell debris, an integrated research on mucosal immune mechanisms, as well as studies on epidermal tissue responses on product(s) released by club cells (“alarm substance cells”) should be carried out in the future.
Various compounds have been applied for control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (commonly known as Ich) which is the parasitic pathogen, responsible for the white spot disease, in freshwater aquaculture worldwide. Available methods are based on disinfection of fish tank water, targeting infective free-swimming theronts and escaped tomonts. No legal drug is available and licensed for treatment or prevention of the disease. The presently reported study was performed to test the potential of toltrazuril (Baycox® vet.)—a drug licensed for treatment of coccidial infections in other animal species—to reduce Ich infections when administered orally. Commercial pelleted feed containing 5.0 or 2.5 mg toltrazuril per 1 g of feed was offered to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) (Actinopterygii: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae), during a three day feeding regime (1% of biomass offered per day). Two trials were performed: one with feeding before exposure to parasites and one where already infected fish were treated. Before the treatment it was tested if fish would eat feed containing different drug concentrations and it was found that feed with the high drug concentration was not eaten by the fish whereas all feed containing 2.5 mg per 1 g feed was eaten. Following the exposure to infective I. multifiliis theronts it was found that the fish treated with toltrazuril before challenge obtained a significantly lower parasite burden (number of trophonts in the skin) compared to untreated control. On the other hand, toltrazuril proved to be ineffective when administered to the fish which were already infected before the treatment.
Background. Various compounds are being used as immuno-stimulants in various aquaculture feed types but the importance of their prolonged use is at present unknown. It is also true for those intended to modify trout susceptibility to white spot disease caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The immuno-modulating effects on rainbow trout of short- and long-term feeding using dry feed with inclusion of beta-glucan (0.2%) have therefore been evaluated. Materials and Methods. The immune reactivity was assessed by measuring susceptibility to I. multifiliis infections and plasma lysozyme in the host, factors which are considered innate response parameters. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) (Actinopterygii: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae), were fed (control feed or glucan-containing feed) for 14 or 35 days before challenge (exposure to infective I. multifiliis theronts) and the resulting infection (number of trophonts in the skin) was recorded on day 11 post-exposure to theronts. Results. All fish obtained infection following parasite exposure but glucan-fed fish showed a lower infection at day 46 compared to fish fed control-feed. The lysozyme activity of fish plasma was evaluated throughout the experimental period and found slightly but significantly increased in association with glucan-feeding at day 14, 17, and 46. Conclusion. No evidence for an exhaustion of these selected innate response parameters due to prolonged glucan-feeding could be detected within the experimental period of 46 days.
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The author gives a review of new literature data from the 80-ties. The following problems are considered: ethiology of swim bladder inflammation in carp (SBI), development of parasites of the class Myxosporea, overgrowth of parasitic kidney disease (PKD) in salmonid fishes, details of development of Myxobolus cerebralis and Ichthyophtirius multifiliis, and the new systematics of the Diplozoidae.
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