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Insect-parasitic rhabditoid nematodes, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora, when parasitizing the greater wax moth larvae, produce toxic substances which constitute a specific type of proteolytic activity. These show some similarity to the immune inhibitors released by certain bacterial pathogens of insects. The proteinases of both nematodes selectively destroy the antibacterial activity of immune haemolymph in vitro as well as in vivo. The inhibitory effect on the bactericidal activity is caused by the proteolytic degradation of the immune proteins of the cecropin-like type. Although a decrease in lysozyme activity in nematode-parasitized insects has been observed, the immune inhibitors released by entomogenous rhabditoid nematodes inhibited neither lysozyme synthesis nor its bactericidal acitivity against gram-positive bacteria.
In Galleria mellonella larvae infected with insect-parasitic rhabditoid nematodes, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora both the spectrum of haemolymph proteins and their concentration were greatly reduced. These changes occurred especially during the infection of H. bacteriophora. The total disappearance of the immune proteins of the lysozyme and cecropin-like polypeptides in Galleria haemolymph indicates unequivocally that entomogenous nematodes selectively destroy the humoral immune mechanism of the insect.
Activity of infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in pre- and post-parasitic phases was studied vis-a-vis malathion treatment. The vitality of dauers (J₃) was ascertained subsequent to exposure to various sublethal concentrations of malathion (incorporated into nematode rearing medium). At concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm, the dauers showed behavioural disruptions as indicated by incomplete undulations. Anterior half of the treated dauers were mainly involved in performing undulations as compared with the posterior half. Lower concentrations showed transient effects. Infectivity tests were conducted using filter paper bioassay. The parasitization rate in Spodoptera litura larvae (L₆) decreased with increasing concentrations of malathion. Post-parasitic juveniles were examined daily for assessing the viability of H. bacteriophora after the treatment of malathion. Because of the cogent infectivity after malathion-exposure, it is suggested, that this nematode might be used as an agent in IPM. It appears a promising candidate.
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