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Three previously undescribed species of wageneri group of Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 (subgenus Limnonephrotus, Gyrodactylidae, Monogenoidea) related to G. lavareti Malmberg, 1957 are described here. G. pomeraniae sp. nov. was found on roach (Rutilus rutilus) in Poland and Belgium, G. ouluensis sp. nov. on roach in Finland and G. salvelini sp. nov. on Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in the Lake Inari, Finland. A molecular redescription of G. lavareti on Coregonus lavaretus is also presented, and G. bliccensis on Alburnus alburnus from river Morava, Czech Republic is included in the phylogenetic analysis. In addition, a hybrid clone of maternal G. pomeraniae sp. nov. and paternal G. lavareti found on farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is characterized. The molecular species description was based on the complete CO1 gene of the mitochondrial DNA, and on phylogenetic comparison of the internal transcribed spacer segment (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The species hosted by cyprinids were basal in the phylogeny rooted by numerous relatives of wageneri-species group.
Juvenile golden grey mullet, Liza aurata were collected from Sarıkum Lagoon Lake which connected to the Black Sea at Sinop, Turkey and examined for parasitic fauna. A total of 219 fish were investigated throughout a 1-year period. Parasite species recovered were Trichodina lepsii, T. puytoraci, Gyrodactylus sp., Ligophorus cephali, Ligophorus mediterraneus, Solostamenides mugilis, Ascocotyle sp. (metacercaria) and Ergasilus lizae. Overall infection prevalence (%) and mean intensity values were 95.9% and 412.65 ± 85.31 parasites per infected fish, respectively. Infection prevalence and mean intensity values for each parasite species in relation to season and fish size were also determined and discussed. While Ligophorus cephali and L. mediterraneus are new records for Turkish parasite fauna, the juvenile Liza aurata is a new host record for Ligophorus cephali and L. mediterraneus.
Gyrodactylus infections in intensively-reared populations of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus niloticus, have been associated world-wide with high mortalities of juvenile fish. In this study, 26 populations of Gyrodactylus parasitising either O. n. niloticus or Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, were sampled from fourteen countries and compared with type material of Gyrodactylus cichlidarum Paperna, 1968, Gyrodactylus niloticus (syn. of G. cichlidarum) and Gyrodactylus shariffi Cone, Arthur et Bondad-Reantaso, 1995. Representative specimens from each population were bisected, each half being used for morphological and molecular analyses. Principal component analyses (PCA) identified five distinct clusters: (1) a cluster representing G. cichlidarum collected from O. n. niloticus from 13 countries; (2) the G. shariffi paratype; (3) three specimens with pronounced ventral bar processes collected from two populations of Mexican O. n. niloticus (Gyrodactylus sp. 1); (4) four specimens collected from an Ethiopian population nominally identified as O. n. niloticus (Gyrodactylus sp. 2); (5) nine gyrodactylids from South African O. mossambicus (Gyrodactylus sp. 3). Molecular analyses comparing the sequence of the ribosomal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1 and 2) and the 5.8S gene from the non-hook bearing half of worms representative for each population and for each cluster of parasites, confirmed the presence of G. cichlidarum in most samples analysed. Molecular data also confirmed that the DNA sequence of Gyrodactylus sp. 2 and Gyrodactylus sp. 3 (the morphologically-cryptic group of South African specimens from O. mossambicus) differed from that of G. cichlidarum and therefore represent new species; no sequences were obtained from Gyrodactylus sp. 1. The current study demonstrates that G. cichlidarum is the dominant species infecting O. n. niloticus, being found in 13 of the 15 countries sampled.
One previously described and 1 new species of Nanotrema Paperna, 1969 are reported from the gills of Citharinus citharus citharus (Citharinidae) collected from the Niokolo Koba River, Senegal. Nanotrema citharini Paperna, 1969 is redescribed, based on the re-examination of the type specimens and new information obtained from material taken in Senegal (new locality record). Nanotrema niokoloensis sp. nov. is distinguished primarily by possessing a copulatory organ composed of a long thin tube with median portion usually coiled into about 2.5 rings and an accessory piece resembling a braid lying within the rings. Based on the presence of the dorsal anchors modified into paired haptoral spikes, which lack an associated bar, species of Nanotrema phenotypically appear to be related to those of Neotropical Rhinoxenus Kritsky, Boeger et Thatcher, 1988 and Indian Spicocleidus Agrawal, Tripathi et Shukla, 2005.
Gyrodactylus specimens infecting the skin and fins of two alpine bullhead (Cottus poecilopus) populations from the rivers Signaldalselva (North Norway) and Rena (South-East Norway) were characterized by both morphological and molecular means. Morphometrical differences were minor and the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear rDNA cluster were identical for parasites from both localities. Based on earlier descriptions, the relatively closest species are Gyrodactylus hrabei Ergens, 1957, described from common bullhead (Cottus gobio) in Slovakia and G. sp. Malmberg, 1973, from alpine bullhead in Sweden. The Norwegian Gyrodactylus specimens from the two alpine bullhead populations were morphometrically different from both the type material of G. hrabei from Slovakia and newly collected Gyrodactylus specimens from alpine bullhead in two Slovakian localities. The Slovakian Gyrodactylus specimens were found to be identical with type material of G. hrabei. The nucleotide sequences of the ITS of the Norwegian Gyrodactylus species were different from the Slovakian material. Hence, the Norwegian Gyrodactylus specimens from the alpine bullhead represent a new species, G. mariannae sp. nov.
The Gyrodactylus fauna of 274 fish taken from ten salmonid farms in Poland was sampled in 2006. Four fish species were investigated: rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta (morphs fario, lacustris, and trutta), grayling Thymallus thymallus and huchen Hucho hucho. No parasites were observed on huchen. No indications of gyrodactylosis were observed, but an unexpected parasite species diversity was found. A molecular species identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 was utilized, with addition of morphometric methods. The most frequent parasite was a new record in Poland, G. teuchis. It was present in two molecular forms on brown trout and rainbow trout, which also carried G. derjavinoides and G. truttae. Three molecular forms of G. salaris/G. thymalli were found, the standard type ITS only on grayling. A heterozygous (or heterogenic) G. salaris type described earlier in Denmark was found in seven farms on rainbow trout, and a complementary homozygous clone which differs from the standard by three nucleotides, in two farms. This homozygous form has not been recorded earlier. The PCR-RFLP results were confirmed by sequencing ITS segment from representative specimens of each type and comparing them with all available salmonid-specific Gyrodactylus sequences in GenBank. The Polish fauna with seven different Gyrodactylus clones separated by PCR-RFLP was the most diverse reported in fish farms in any country so far.
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