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Subject and purpose of work: The main goal of this work is to identify and systematize the geoeconomic threats that directly affect the development of small countries with economies in transition. The subject of the study is geoeconomic security (GES) of small countries with economies in transition. As an independent variable is GES, and the dependent GES of Georgia. Materials and methods: The research is of an empirical nature, and belongs to the category of qualitative research. The case-study method is used as a basic methodological approach. Results: The future of the country should be viewed in a geo-economic context.The country’s security should be developed through economic cooperation, which would not only ensure stability and economic growth would also benefit both in terms of political and in the economic security. Conclusions: Georgia needs to fully use its geo-economic potential (both internal and external), which is a reliable source of weakening geo-economic threats.
Amphipoda, Cumacea, and Macrura natantia constituted the basic food component of small eel-cod (< 20 cm). Average sized fish (20-30 cm) fed mostly on Macrura natantia and fish; big specimens (> 30 cm) consumed fish, Euphausiacea and Macrura natantia. Mean filling index decreased with increasing depth of catches, while percentage of “empty” stomachs increased.
This paper attempts to describe the high importance of the agricultural sector and export potential of agricultural products for Georgian economy, while presenting historical evidence and overview of recent trends. Georgian agriculture is primarily in very bad situation with small market surpluses and low productivity. According to World Bank surveys, approximately 83% of Georgia’s rural population is entirely dependent upon their farms for subsistence and they consume approximately 73% of what they produce and remaining products which are supposed for export, are facing lots of difficulties for gaining appropriate success and outcomes. For reaching alternative markets of the United States or the European Union countries, will be needed structural reforms for strengthening Georgia’s sustaining growth, attracting investment and improving overall productivity for further export diversification and sector development. Using statistical data it becomes more obvious who are the main export partners, which market segments and destinations are better for rising overall export potential and how export of Georgian agriculture products is changing over years – decline of agriculture’s contribution to overall trade from 28% in 2000 to 18% in 2012 leaves a clear perspective for further development, improvement and better contribution to country’s economy.
An extinct colubrid snake of the genus Nebraskophis is reported on the basis of a trunk vertebra from the Late Eocene (36.0-34.2 Ma) of central Georgia, USA. The fossil represents the oldest record of the family Colubridae in North America, and is equivalent to, or slightly older in age than the previously oldest known colubrid remains from the Late Eocene of Thailand. The age and remarkable similarity of the fossil to living colubrid vertebrae suggest that the origin of colubrid snakes considerably predates the Late Eocene. The presence of Nebraskophis in Georgia supports the hypothesis of an early Cenozoic biogeographic connection between the Great Plains and southeastern region of the United States for at least some early colubrids. The genus probably evolved autochthonously on the continent rather than arriving as a Eurasian immigrant.
Environmental conditions in River Rioni (Georgia) were studied in two seasons, during purported spawning migrations of the common sturgeon. Water temperature and flow velocity were measured in the vicinity of Poti (downstream section of the river) and in the potential spawning areas. At comparable times, water temperature in the spawning grounds was by a few degrees lower than that downstream, the flow velocity being higher and ranging within 1.5 - 2.1 m s-1. As shown by the observations, the area suitable for the sturgeon spawning had shrunk, possibly as a result of river damming. In the areas suitable for the common sturgeon spawning, the river bed was covered by coarse gravel and flattened stones, those measuring up to 30 mm in diameter being most abundant.
Apterous and alate viviparous female, oviparous female and alate male of Macrosiphum symphyti sp. nov. living on Symphytum asperum (Boraginaceae) are described and illustrated. A key to the apterous viviparous females of the genus Macrosiphum Passerini species distributed in Georgia is given.
Chromosome numbers of eleven angiosperm species, five dicots and six monocots from Georgia and Azerbaijan are reported. The chromosome number of Cruciata coronata (Rubiaceae) is provided for the first time (2n = 22). Additionally, karyotypes are presented for five species, those of Danae racemosa (Ruscaceae), Paris incompleta (Trilliaceae), and Ruscus hyrcanus (Ruscaceae) for the first time. The new data are compared with previous karyological information, and both are discussed in a biosystematic context.
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