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In 2006, ca. 60 individuals of Gentiana cruciata were found in the Strzyżowskie Foothills. Until recently, only one locality of the species in the area has been reported from Kołaczyce in the Wisłoka River valley by Knapp in the 19th century. The new locality is situated in the Wielopolka River valley on an S-SW-W slope with varied inclination. In total, 16 phytosociological relevés were taken with the use of the Braun-Blanquet method in patches comprising Gentiana cruciata. The patches were characterised by high proportions of species from the classes Molinio-Arrhenathereta, Festuco-Brometea, and Trifolio-Geranietea. Given the dominance of meadow species, the community was classified as a thermophilic fresh meadow from the alliance Arrhenatherion. An upward trend was noted in the analysed population, as the number of the individuals increased to ca. 160 in 2014
The paper describes structural and ultrastructural changes in primary explants, induction of embryogenesis, somatic embryo development, and four protocols for cryopreservation of cell suspensions. The changes during tissue culture of hypocotyl and cotyledon explants from 10-day-old seedlings and fragments of leaf explant of Gentiana cruciata L. were studied. Seedling explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l dicamba + 0.1 mg/l NAA + 2.00 mg/l BAP + 80.0 mg/l adenine sulphate. The hypocotyl callus tissue was initiated by cell divisions of the vascular cylinder, but in cotyledons only parenchyma cells took part in callus formation. The leaf blade expiants usually responded only by proliferation of the wounded surface. The effect of auxins (2,4-D, NAA, DIC) and cytokinins (kinetin, zeatin, BAP) in various concentration and combinations on leaf explant response was examined. Generally, embryos were formed sporadically on media containing NAA (1.64% responding explants) or 2,4-D (0.38%), but were not produced in the presence of dicamba. Production of somatic embryos was more effective from suspension culture than from agar medium. Liquid culture made it possible to maintain the cell suspension’s embryogenic competence for 5 years. For preservation of proembryogenic masses, four protocols of cryopreservation were studied: direct cooling, sorbitol/DMSO treatment, vitrification, and encapsulation. Direct cooling and sorbitol/DMSO treatment was unsuccessful. Vitrified tissue required a minimum 3 weeks of culture on solid medium for cell proliferation to reach the proper fresh weight for manipulation. Alginate beads with PEMs were transferred directly to liquid medium for post-freezing culture. Vitrification and encapsulation maintained high viability of post-freezing PEM, but encapsulation ensured faster restoration of G. cruciata cell suspension.
A population of the endangered butterfly Marsh Fritillary Euphydryas aurinia, using exclusively Gentiana cruciata as a larval food plant, was recorded for the first time in the valley of the Dukšta river (Vilnius administrative district) in Lithuania. Caterpillars were observed both in summer when they lived gregariously in numerous webs spun on gentians, and in spring when they were feeding on new shoots or basking in the sun. The butterfly is considered as dependent on Succissa pratensis in Central and Northern Europe, therefore our finding is unexpected. Other plants including other Gentiana species are reported as locally used only in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Spain. Phengaris‘rebeli‘ a well known butterfly related to G. cruciata occured sympatrically with E. aurinia at the Lithuanian site.
A study of Gentiana cruciata L. (Gentianaceae), Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. (Orchidaceae) and Luzula pedemontana Boiss. et Reut. (Juncaceae) showed differences in the number and characteristics of critical stages in ovule and seed development. The shared critical stages explain the general direction of the formation of reproductive structures and surrounding tissues. The taxon-specific critical stages may have different implications in a given species: they may (1) verify that the ovule belongs to a specific type, (2) indicate their lability in different taxa with the same ovule type, or (3) coincide in species with various ovule types.
The metabolites in the ovule come from the receptacle, ovary wall and placenta. They are accumulated in the chalaza and then translocated in reproductive and somatic structures via a system of specialized tissues. The hypostase is of great importance because it lies at the boundary of the chalaza with the nucellus and integuments, and contacts the vascular bundle. In the megagametophyte, the cell walls, which have many outgrowths, receive metabolites from the hypostase via podium and postament tissues. Histochemical data on accumulation of proteins, polysaccharides, lignin and tannins in tissues during ovule and seed development are presented. The dynamics of these substances and the character of metabolism in tissues are suggested as indicators of metabolite flow.
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