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Stream invertebrates use ‘drift’ or downstream transport in the water column to disperse, but they also actively move upstream against current. These movements have important role in re-colonization of empty stream reaches and in regulation of population size. For more than half a century, research of stream drift was stimulated by the problem of ‘drift paradox’, i.e. the question how upstream reaches of streams remain inhabited despite constant and often ample losses of individuals by drift. In this study we examined drift and upstream movements of the amphipod Gammarus fossarum through monthly sampling over one-year period at two sites in the upper and middle course of a small unaltered stream in the northwest Croatia. Differences in tendency to drift and to move upstream and effects of environmental factors (temperature, flow, population density and detritus dry weight) on the movement dynamics on both temporal and spatial scale were examined for three size categories (adults, subadults and juveniles). While seasonal variations of drift and upstream movements were similar at two examined sites, at the middle course we recorded higher density, and higher drift and upstream movement rates. In both drift and upstream movements, adults were the most represented size category. In subadults and juveniles, both type of movements depended on population density. Adult upstream movements peaked in November and May/June, with massive upstream movements in May in the middle course. Seasonality of diurnal and nocturnal drift was very similar at both sites, while seasonality of diurnal and nocturnal upstream movements differed between the sites. Out of four examined independent environmental factors, density and temperature had the most important positive effect on spatiotemporal variations of diurnal drift, while nocturnal drift was more strongly affected by density and flow. Temperature was the most significant driver of diurnal upstream movements, while nocturnal upstream movements were most significantly positively affected by density. Massive upstream movements were driven by overcrowding and enabled adults to colonize microhabitats where food is more abundant and competition is less severe.
In August 2007, 856 specimens of Echinogammarus tibaldii Pinkster et Stock, 1970 from the Lake Piediluco (Central Italy) were collected from 3 different sites and examined for larval helminths. Fourteen amphipods (1.63%) were infected with larvae of Lateriporus teres (Dilepididae) and one amphipod (0.12%) was infected with Microsomacanthus microsoma (Hymenolepididae). Adults of both species are known from waterfowl and gulls. The present results constitute new host records for both cestode species and the first finding of L. teres in Italy.
Three crustacean species of postglacial origin are found in lakes of northern Poland. One of them is Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa which inhabits deep, oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes. The deepest lake in Poland (area 3.11 km², max. depth 108.5 m) and on the entire Central European Plain is Lake Hańcza, an α-mesotrophic lake of unique character. A study of P. quadrispinosa in this lake was carried out between AprilOctober in 2000. Samples were collected at ten sites, to a depth of 16 m, using a tow net. In April, this amphipod crustacean was observed at depths of between 1–12 m with maximal density at 4–6 m (800 individuals per 100 m²). In May and July/ August, the density was reduced and this organism was found mainly between 6–12 m. In October, P. quadrispinosa was distributed between 1–6 m, with a maximal density of 1400 individuals per 100 m² at 2–4 m. Seasonal changes in density at various depths and the spatial heterogeneity of the occurrence of this amphipod indicate migration, probably related to changes in the water temperature and the reproductive cycle. Breeding of P. quadrispinosa was observed throughout the study period, with reproductive peaks in the early spring and autumn. The average number of eggs carried by ovigerous females ranged from 12 to 64, and was significantly correlated with the size of the individual. Newborn juveniles were spatially isolated from the adults as they tended to accumulate at the shallower bottom depth. The sampled material revealed the presence of two subpopulations of P. quadrispinosa. Environmental conditions, especially the consistently high level of dissolved oxygen, reproduction, apparently long life-span and occurrence in all parts of the lake indicate that the P. quadrispinosa population in Lake Hańcza is stable and in good condition.
This paper describes the current species composition of the genus Gammarus in Puck Bay (western Gulf of Gdańsk, Poland).Sa mples were taken at 9 shallow (ca 0.4 m deep) and 4 deeper (ca 10 m) stations from April 1997 to March 1998. Six Gammarus species were recorded. Gammarus salinus was the most numerous, making up 34.95% of the total of identified amphipod specimens. This species was common throughout the bay but rarely predominant. G. zaddachi (34.75%) was dominant in the northern part of the bay from January to April and was found in almost 2/3 of samples.Less numerous were G. oceanicus (19.15%), common in the southern and eastern parts of Puck Bay, and G. duebeni (9.85%), prevalent in shallow and rocky locations. G. inequicauda and G. locusta made up only 1.13% and 0.12% of the total amphipod material respectively. The species composition of the genus varied considerably not only from one sampling locality to another but also from season to season.I t is possible that two species (G. locusta and G. inequicauda) are currently withdrawing from Puck Bay.
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