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Research resulting in the description of six new species representing the genus Fimbriaria has thus revealed that the former Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781) was in fact a group of species. In the light of this, the long list of final and intermediate hosts for this species may in fact result from earlier errors in identification. Proper diagnosis of Fimbriaria to the level of the species should be based on penetrating morphological studies of adult forms which would take account of: the structure of the oncospheral envelope, the number of genital primordia per segment of the strobila, the number of spines at the cirrus base and the length of the cirrus pouch. Proper diagnosis of species at the larval stage is practically impossible in natural infections because of the great similarity between the larvae of different species. The present state of knowledge of the genus Fimbriaria calls for a revision review of the broad specificity of the whole group in relation to both final and intermediate hosts.
The envelopes of oncospheres of Fimbriaria fasciolaris, found in the distal part of the strobila or free, were the subject of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope (LM) studies. The oncospheres inside the strobila were in close apposition to the uterine wall and showed morphological ties suggesting metabolic interactions. SEM studies allowed us to discern 3 stages of uterine development: early - with a continuous, tubular, and branched uterus; intermediate - with bulging parts of the uterus forming uterine capsules packed with oncospheres; late - with the uterus discontinuous, breaking down into uterine capsules, either individual or connected into chains of different lengths, containing 1 to 12 oncospheres. The uterine epithelium within uterine capsules was structurally heterogeneous, closely connected with the oncospheres, constituting a common uterine envelope. Infective eggs outside the strobila were deprived of the uterine envelope, and were joined together by separate external envelopes, easily visible in the LM. Live oncospheres observed over a 24 h period after liberation from the strobila exhibited alterations in taxonomically important features, such as dimensions and shape of the external envelope. The possible roles of different envelopes are discussed.
Strobilae of three hymenolepidid tapeworm species: Diorchis elisae, Fimbriaria fasciolaris and Sobolevicanthus gracilis, obtained from experimentally infected domestic ducks, were incubated for 5,10 and 15 min at a temperature of 38°C, with horseradish peroxidase applied as a tracer by which to research macromolecular transport across the tegument. Through the use of an electron microscope, it was indicated that the marked protein was bound at the surface of the microtriches with the co-participation of glycoproteins of the plasma membrane. It was also shown that the protein molecules gathered at the base of the microtriches were transported in vesicular form inside the syncytial layer and perikaryon part of the tegumental cytoplasm. Molecules of horseradish peroxidase liberated from the vesicles were observed in the excretory system of the tapeworms. In spite of interspecific differences in the structure of the tegument, the tracer protein transmission observed in this research was found to proceed in a similar manner in all the hymenolepidids studied.
Specimens previously identified as Fimbriaria fasciolaris or Fimbriaria sp. from Poland, Ukraine and the Czech Republic were re-examined. The revision revealed Fimbriaria czaplinskii from naturally-infected Anas platyrhynchos dom., Anas acuta and Aythya fuligula (new host records) in Poland, Tadorna tadorna from the Black Sea coast and Aythya ferina from the coast of the Sea of Azov, Ukraine (new host records), Anas platyrhynchos, Aythya fuligula and Aythya ferina (the latter two being new host records) from Moravia, Czech Republic (new geographical record). The diagnostic characters of F. czaplinskii are commented and updated from an original erroneous description. The most reliable distinguishing character is the structure of the copulatory part of the vagina, which is funnel-shaped and usually has smooth internal surface. The characters associated with the cirrus size and armament and the number of genital primordia per segment are not considered reliable differentiating characters. A lectotype and paralectotypes of F. czaplinskii are designated.
Comparative studies on the tegument of F. fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781) and F. czaplinskii Grytner-Zięcina, 1994, using transmission electron microscopy revealed in both species examined evident differences in the morphology of the tegument surface from various parts of the cestode body (scolex, pseudoscolex, strobila). Two categories of microtriches, characteristic for both studied fimbriariids, were found: (1) typical microtriches with a well developed basal part and an osmiophilic spine at the apex, present on the scolex and on the fan-like, polar side of the pseudoscolex, and (2) non-typical spineless microtriches, present on the small, aporal part of the pseudoscolex and on the whole surface of the strobila. The presence of numerous spiny microtriches on the pseudoscolex perhaps indicates an important role for the peculiar holdfast organ, in supporting the scolex in securing the attachment of fimbriariid cestodes in the host intestine. Details of the tegument ultrastructure of Fimbriaria species are described and compared with other cestodes, and their significance is discussed.
Knowledge to date on the morphology of Fimbriaria tapeworms is summarised, with features of the genus being verified and augmented by some not previously taken account of, like the ultrastructure of the tegument. The most important features in accurate identification to the level of the species are the structure of the oncospheral envelope and the manner in which eggs are released from the uterus. Other features of diagnostic importance are the number of primordia of reproductive organs, the number of hooks at the cirrus base and the dimensions of the cirrus and cirrus pouches. A key to the identification of species is provided.
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