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This paper is a review aimed to provide compiled knowlege useful for planned reintroduction of Peregrine (PF) in Warsaw and other cities in Eastern Europe. PF inhabited human settlements for at least two centuries. Its vanishing from cities since 1950's was connected with the total crisis of the species. Recent recovery of the PF brought growth of its urban population, particularly in North America, mainly due to introduction and protection measures. But in cities of Eastern Europe, the PF is still absent. Urban population of PF show good brood productivity and behavioural adaptation to specific conditions of the urban environment. Their prey is diverse, one of the main components being pigeons. PF born or released in cities show a tendency to settle in urban areas. Urban habitat is favourable for cliff-nesting ecotype of PF, which is (versus tree-nesting one) a dominating feature of the species. Promoting of PF presence is purposeful for: 1) Success of of the species by its coexistence with urbanization; 2) Enriching urban ecosystems by a predator playing a selective and sanitary role (but not effectively reducing of Feral Pigeons); 3) Stimulating the ecological culture of a city's public by spectacularly enriching urban wildlife with a new, attractive element. Present knowledge and experience creates the possibility of successful reintroduction of PF to cities in Eastern Europe.
Methods of reintroducing Peregrine Falcons reared in captivity are divided into two kinds: 1) rearing in and flight from a nesting cage (artificial nest), and 2) intraspecific fostering or inter-specific cross-fostering with other species of raptors. The aim of the study described here was to transfer three Peregrine Falcon chicks to the nest of a Goshawk Accipiter gentilis and to compare the results with earlier experiments using this method. If the methodological assumptions defined in the study were complied with, all of the Peregrine chicks would be reared by the substitute parents - Goshawks - as their own young, and to the point where the young Peregrines were old enough to leave the nest area. This kind of reintroduction - of an ecological form which formerly nested in trees in forested ecosystems - was attempted successfully in 1994, and full photographic and cinematographic documentation of the effort was obtained.
Reintroduction of Peregrine Falcons in Poland begun 1990 by Polish Hunting Association and Provincial Office of Włocławek. 1992 an agreement, aimed for reinstate Peregrine in Poland, was signed by four interested institutions and it was approved by the Minister of Environmental Protection. Poland has now four centers for the breeding Peregrine Falcons. It is planned that reintroduction work will center on areas of protected nature in NW Poland, in east-central region and in the mountain belt in the southern region. The main method applied is "hacking" from artificial nests. The result of the Programme is 51 young Peregrine released up to the year 1994.
In the Midwestern region of North America, a recovery program for Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus has been underway since 1982. The historic cliff nesting population was extirpated from the region by 1964 due to problems associated with organochlorine pesticides. Original recovery efforts centered on reestablishing Peregrines at historical sites. Because of predation and habitat changes, these efforts were unsuccessful. At the same time, the amount of urban nesting within the region was increasing. Based upon documented population and dispersal trends, we have suggested an approach at establishing and increasing populations of urbah nesting Peregrines through planned placement of nest boxes and sequential releases of captive-produced young. Many lessons have been learned throughout this recovery program which if addressed, may increase the chances of success for similar programs being initiated elsewhere.
The Włocławek Peregrine Falcon Recovery Project is carried out by the Center for Rehabilitation and Breeding of Protected Birds. The Center has been breeding Peregrines since 1989. The main purpose of the Project is to reestablish a tree-nesting population of the species in Poland. Reintroductions in the Włocławek region started in 1991. Hacking from forest towers as a method of releasing peregrines is used. The advantages of the method are: maximal safety for the birds, no contact with people and the possibility to observe falcons after hacking. A total number of 21 young were released 1991-1994 in Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park. The birds were observed after hacking and later, after migration. Nesting behaviour of adult birds was observed in 1994. The second releasing site is ca 100 km NNE from the first one, in Brodnica Landscape Park and four birds were reintroduced there in 1994. The mortality rate of reintroduced young birds was estimated at ca. 40 %.
The total population of the Peregrine Falcon within European Russia is about 700 pairs. Out of them there are 450-550 pairs of F. p. calidus, 30-40 pairs of F. p. brookei, and 150-200 pairs of nominative F. p. peregrinus. In the east (close to the Ural Mountains) they nest mostly on cliffs, while in the west some of them nest on the ground (bogs). Some nests in trees which have been found 25-35 years ago as well as recent summer records are reasons to believe that tree-nesting ecotype of European Peregrines still persist amidst forest plains in European Russia.
The Washington Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora has been ratified by Poland, and entered into force here on 12 March, 1990. The guiding principle of the Convention is the protection of endangered species, as well as the prevention and punishment of illegal trade. However, Poland still has no detailed regulations on illegal export and import in place. The Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus is referred to in Appendix I of CITES, but if an organ of a state administration certifies a bird was produced in captivity, it is included in Appendix II. The reinstatement of' the Peregrine Falcon in Poland proceeds on the basis of the annual receipt of permission for it by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry. Poland is seeking the return of the Peregrine Falcon to East-Central Europe and may act as a host for international co-operation linked with the realization of this aim.
Work within a national programme for the reinstatement of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinus saw reintroduction attempts made in 1993 and 1994 in S Poland's Pieniny National Park. Use was made of an artificial nest resembling the rocky niches favoured by the species, but equipped with a feeding pipe and remotely-controlled cover via which the birds were released. Three males about 42 days old were provided by a German breeder, placed in the nest on June 16th 1993, and released 10 days later. Flying efficiency was seen to have improved within 2 weeks of release, and interest in delivered food had been lost completely by the 32nd day. Between March and June of 1994, two of the three reintroduced birds were noted in the release area, and even on the artificial nest from which two females were later released (after adaptation) on July 6th 1994. This release matched that of 1993 in achieving a successful first stage (to the time of independent hunting).
From 1986 onwards, success was achieved in the captive breeding of Peregrine Falcons at the Research Station of the Polish Hunting Association in Czempiń. This was followed in the years 1990-1994 by the initiation of a programme to, reintroduce the species to lowland forest ecosystems in western Poland. A total of 19 young birds were released, with a minimum of 15 being translocated successfully. To test effectiveness empirically and select the optimum, use was made of various methods: fostering by nesting pairs of Goshawk Accipiter gentilis or White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, as well as rearing and release in forest on the basis of a cage (artificial nest) in a tall tree or on a wooden firewatching tower. All methods led to successful translocation, but the highest survival rates were ensured by the use of an artificial nest on the tower. The main factor limiting the effectiveness of translocations was the predator pressure imposed by Goshawks. It remains unknown which method will prove best in conditioning young Peregrine Falcons to nest in trees within forest ecosystems.
Since the middle of this century, the Peregrine Falcon was a species which - although rare - was still resident throughout Poland, with the lowland population nesting in trees. However, the nesting population disappeared almost totally from the 1960's onwards, with only three proven instances of nesting in the period to 1994, as well as several observations of birds of unknown status. It is the considered opinion of the authors that the natural re-establishment of a tree-nesting population of Peregrine Falcons in Poland is improbable in the foreseeable future, and that reintroduction measures will therefore be required if the species is to be reinstated in the country within a realistic time frame.
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