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1

On the Sarcocysts of two further Sarcocystis species being new for the European hare

100%

Odening K., Wesemeier H. H., Bockhardt I.

Acta Protozoologica

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1996

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tom 35

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nr 1

2

Reproduction in European hare in a Danish farmland

100%

Hansen K.

Acta Theriologica

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1992

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tom 37

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nr 1-2

In order to assess the reasons for a 60% decline of the bag record of hares in Denmark during the last three dccades, reproduction in Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 was studied in a location in Funen (Denmark) during April 1984 - March 1987. The breeding season was initiated around 1 January and lasted until September - October. In 1985 and 1986, 18.17c and 25.1% of the females delivered four litters, while three litters was maximum in 1984; but 13.6% - 21.4% of the females did not breed at all. The average number oflitters produced per adult female was 1.93, 2.54, and 2.51 in 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively; average litter sizes were 2.11, 2.33 and 2.06 in the survey years. For the whole study period, the average sizes of litters 1-4 were 1.51, 2.54, 2.53 and 1.71, respectively. During the shooting seasons the hare bags in the study area indicated 1.27, 1.64 and 1.01 young per female shot jn 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively. Postnatal mortality was calculatcd to be 68.0%, 72.3% and 80.6% in 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively. The results indicate a relatively poor reproductive success due to a poor production of young and a high postnatal mortality. Shortage of sufficient nutrients in modern farming systems during the mid summer period may be a plausible explanation of these findings.

3

Habitat overlap between sympatric European hares (Lepus europaeus) and Eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) in northern Italy

84%

Vidus-Rosin A., Meriggi A., Cardarelli E., Serrano-Perez S., Mariani M.-C., Corradelli C., Barba A.

Acta Theriologica

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2011

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tom 56

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nr 1

In northern Italy, the range of the Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) largely overlaps with that of the native European hare (Lepus europaeus) on the Po Plain. Both species appear to have similar habitat requirements. We studied habitat selection by hares and cottontails during feeding activity from September 2006 to August 2007 in two areas where they occur alone (allopatry) and in one area where they occur together (sympatry). The three areas were basically similar, so that shifts in habitat use observed in sympatry should reflect the response to interspecific competition. Habitat selection was examined at micro- and macro-habitat levels throughout seasons. Habitat breadth of both species followed the change of resource availability through seasons in allopatry as well as in sympatry. No shifts in habitat use were evident at macro-habitat level, even during autumn which was the limiting season. Exploitation of shared habitats by the two species seems to be promoted by differential micro-habitat use within macro-habitat types. Cottontails used woods with dense understory in greater proportion than hares, and their present sites were concentrated within the maximum distance of 20 m of the nearest shelter site. Hares were more likely than cottontails to exploit crops, and their sites were distributed even greater than 80 m away from permanent cover patches. The habitat heterogeneity of agricultural ecosystems within the sympatry range could buffer the negative effects of external factors (climate, human disturbance and predation) on hares, and enhance the chances of exploitation of shared habitats by both species.

4

Contents of cadmium and lead in liver, kidneys and blood of the European hare [Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778] in Malopolska

84%

Wajdzik M.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Silvarum Colendarum Ratio et Industria Lignaria

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2006

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tom 05

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nr 2

5

Individual variations of daily activity patterns in radiotracked European hares during winter

84%

Pepin D., Cargnelutti B.

Acta Theriologica

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1994

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tom 39

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nr 4

Daily movements during winter of 2 adult male (Nos 1 and 3) and 2 adult female (Nos 2 and 4) radiotracking hares Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 were estimated from simultaneous bearings using a 50 x 50 m grid. As deduced every 4 h both from the average rate of recorded changes of squares on the grid, and from the average distance travelled, we found that the hares had a typically nocturnal locomotor activity pattern. However, when comparing individual data, we found that significant variations occurred from 12.00 to 15.59, and between 00.00 and 07.59. We also estimated that the average daily activity of the hares started near sunset (mean = 23 min after sunset, range + 110 min), and ended near sunrise (mean = 14 min before sunrise, range ± 60 min), male No 1 usually spending more time in activity than the 3 other specimens, Finally, we assessed the differences in nocturnal distance travelled between individuals (Nos 2, 3, and 4) for a given period (during week 6, mean = 3.91 km, range 6.02-2.62), and also during several nights (during weeks 6, 8, 10 and 12) for male No 3. We concluded that some inter- and intra-individual variations of activity patterns occurred on various time scales (day-to-day or during a given night), such differences probably contributing to confuse predators.

6

Reproduction of the European hare in Patagonia, Argentina

84%

Bonino N., Montenegro A.

Acta Theriologica

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1997

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tom 42

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nr 1

Monthly samples totalling 202 European hares Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 were collected in southern Argentina from August 1993 to March 1994. The sex ratio of the whole sample was 1:1.2 in favour of females. Pregnant females were present from August to February and lactating females were present from September to March. The percentage of pregnant females was 59% for the whole breeding season. The mean ovulation rate for female hares was 2.78; the number of ova ovulated was not significantly correlated with body weight. The mean number of implantation sites per reproducing female was 2.46. The number of embryos in a litter varied from 1 to 4, the average being 2.12. The prenatal mortality was 56.5% of all ova ovulated and of these 34.7% were lost before implantation and 21.8% after implantation.

7

Vegetation quality and habitat selection by European hares Lepus europaeus in a pastural landscape

84%

Smith R. K., Jennings N. V., Tataruch F., Hacklander K., Harris S.

Acta Theriologica

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2005

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tom 50

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nr 3

European haresLepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 have lower population densities and body condition in pastural landscapes than in arable landscapes, but reasons for this are not understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether forage quality is low in pastural landscapes during certain seasons. We carried out chemical analysis of the nutritional quality of 5 habitat types to determine whether hares select high quality habitats, and whether nutritional quality explains seasonal differences in range sizes of hares in pastural landscapes. Hares did not tend to select habitats of high nutritional quality (protein, fat or energy) over those of lower quality. Hares did not increase active range size as the overall energy content of forage at the study site decreased; seasonal differences in active range size were not explained by nutritional quality. Differences may be explained by behavioural changes related to breeding. Pastural habitat is fairly stable in terms of nutritional quality through the year, and results suggest that poor forage quality is unlikely to be responsible for the poor body condition of hares in pastural landscapes. Hares in these landscapes are more likely to be limited by habitat quality in terms of cover than by forage.

8

Foraging behavior and spatial use of a rock specialist: the southern vizcacha (Lagidium viscacia), and the exotic European hare (Lepus europaeus) in rocky outcrops of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

67%

Galende G. I., Raffaele E.

Acta Theriologica

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2013

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tom 58

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nr 3

The southern vizcacha (Lagidium viscacia) and the exotic European hare (Lepus europaeus) are two medium-sized herbivores that inhabit rocky outcrops in Patagonian steppe. These species overlap in diet and spatial use at medium distances from rocky outcrops in summer. We evaluated the spatial use through feces distribution in winter and determined seasonal foraging intensity in relation to the distances from rocky outcrops in order to elucidate how these herbivores use food and spatial resources in food scarcity periods. The vizcacha utilized the habitat close to rocky outcrops (<40 m) independent of season, while the hare exploited the space more widely, especially distances >40 m. However, in winter, at medium distances from rocky outcrops, there was partial spatial overlap because hares' activities were closer to rocky outcrops. Foraging intensity increased significantly in areas used by the vizcacha closer to rocky outcrops when food availability decreased, and the grasses Stipa speciosa, Poa sp., and Festuca pallescens were strongly foraged. In contrast, foraging intensity showed no changes in further distances to rocky outcrops and more use by the hare. The spatial and feeding behavior of the vizcacha, restricted to vicinity of rocky outcrops, showed high vulnerability to food availability changes. In resource scarcity situations, the spatial opportunistic behavior of the hare and the overlap in diet with the vizcacha constitutes a threat to this native herbivore. It is necessary to monitor populations of hare, since high densities could lead to food competition, impacting the small colonies of the southern vizcacha.

9

Habitat selection and segregation by two sympatric lagomorphs: the case of European hares (Lepus europaeus) and Eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) in northern Italy

67%

Vidus-Rosin A., Lizier L., Meriggi A., Serrano-Perez S.

Acta Theriologica

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 4

In northern Italy, the native European hare (Lepus europaeus) and the introduced Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) can occur together at a local scale, as a result of cottontail introduction and expansion into the European hare range. Hare populations are limited in Italy by habitat loss, diseases, and most important by overhunting, and many areas within hare range in northern Italy are undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact. Therefore, quantitative studies on resource selection and exploitation by both species will be of great interest to evaluate the degree of habitat overlap and to search for exploitation competition evidences. We studied habitat selection during resting time by both species in two areas where they occur alone and in one area where they occur together. Habitat selection by the two species was examined at micro- and macro-habitat scales during autumn–winter and spring–summer. Both species selected ecotonal zones between arboriculture stands and crops and between arboriculture stands and spontaneous vegetation (i.e., herbaceous, bush, and woody permanent species), which were the less available in the area of sympatry. No habitat shifts were evident at macro-habitat level because the two species showed a differential micro-habitat use within patches. On the whole, it seems that habitat heterogeneity promoted daytime segregation between the two species. In particular, edges between crops and canopy habitats should be improved, thus reducing chance of intra- and inter-specific encounters.

10

Characteristics of the European hare Lepus europaeus use of space in a French agricultural region of intensive farming

67%

Reitz F., Leonard Y.

Acta Theriologica

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1994

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tom 39

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nr 2

Fifty-one European hares Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 were monitored during at least one month by radiotracking in an intensively farmed landscape. The mean home range size of 21 hares monitored during at least six months was about 100 ha. During summer and autumn, seasonal home range size and the mean distance between fixes did not reveal any difference in the use of space between sexes or between age classes. However, according to the shifts of monthly resting range centres, females seemed to be more sedentary than males. The night-time activity range was often larger than the daytime resting range and partly or totally overlapped it although resting and activity locations were rarely the same, Hare movements did not show any important changes in response to crop harvesting or shooting.

11

European hare and European rabbit [Lagomorpha] as intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis species [Sporozoa] in Central Europe

59%

Odening K., Wesemeier H. H., Pinkowski M., Walter G., Sedlaczek J., Bockhardt I.

Acta Protozoologica

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1994

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tom 33

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nr 3

Ograniczanie wyników

On the Sarcocysts of two further Sarcocystis species being new for the European hare

Reproduction in European hare in a Danish farmland

Habitat overlap between sympatric European hares (Lepus europaeus) and Eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) in northern Italy

Contents of cadmium and lead in liver, kidneys and blood of the European hare [Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778] in Malopolska

Individual variations of daily activity patterns in radiotracked European hares during winter

Reproduction of the European hare in Patagonia, Argentina

Vegetation quality and habitat selection by European hares Lepus europaeus in a pastural landscape

Foraging behavior and spatial use of a rock specialist: the southern vizcacha (Lagidium viscacia), and the exotic European hare (Lepus europaeus) in rocky outcrops of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Habitat selection and segregation by two sympatric lagomorphs: the case of European hares (Lepus europaeus) and Eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) in northern Italy

Characteristics of the European hare Lepus europaeus use of space in a French agricultural region of intensive farming

European hare and European rabbit [Lagomorpha] as intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis species [Sporozoa] in Central Europe