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This study was initiated to achieve the specific objectives as identification of factors that affect market participation decision of households and identification of factors that determine the volume of market supply of pepper. In order to acquire the relevant data, formal and informal methods of data collection were accomplished. To differentiate factors affecting the market participation and the amount of pepper sold, the Heckman Two-Stage econometric model was employed. The result revealed that market participation decision of households and amount of pepper sold were significantly affected by many of the variables hypothesized to have impact on the explained variable. In order to settle price fluctuations and to strengthen the bargaining power of producers, there should be product grading for market standardization. Furthermore, market competitiveness, structure and efficiency can be improved through facilitating pepper market strategies training as it helps producers and other interested bodies better involve in the commodity market.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rhizobial population on the effectiveness of locally isolated elite isolates of Rhizobium on common bean at the major growing area of Eastern Ethiopia. The result showed significant effect of inoculation, the varieties and their interaction on nodulation, yield and yield traits, except for the number of seed per pod. Most of tested Rhizobium isolates significantly improved the nodule number and nodules dry weight in all soils regardless of rhizobial population. Significant increase in total biomass yield and grain yield of common bean was recorded with NSCBR-14, inorganic N-fertilized and NSCBR-(25)₂ treatments in soil with a high, low and moderate rhizobial population, respectively. The highest values of most of the yield traits including NN and NDW in all experimental sites was recorded with Dursitu variety but the highest values GY and TBY with Kufanzik. Hence, the indigenous rhizobial population did not affect the effectiveness of inoculation but the soil types and varieties affect the effectiveness of the isolates.
Tree species differ in litter quality and belowground biomass, thereby exerting species-specific impact on soil properties and microbial biomass. A study was conducted to find out the comparative effects of Podocarpus falcatus and Croton macrostachys on basic soil characteristics and microbial biomass, in the Munessa forest, Ethiopia. Four experimental plots under the canopies the respected tree species (two from each) were established for sample collection. From these plots, soil samples were collected from a depth 0-10 cm and 10-25 cm. The results showed that, from the depth 0-10 cm, concentration of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) was larger under C. macrostachys and from the depth 10-25 cm these values were greater under P. falcatus. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in cation exchange capacity being larger under C. macrostachys. There were no differences in microbial composition between the plots. However, the total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) concentration as an entry for microbial biomass determination tended to be significantly larger in soil under Podocarpus plots (382.7 ± 60.9 nmol PLFA g⁻¹ dry soil) vs. 262.2 ± 32.8 nmol PLFA g⁻¹ dry soil (Croton plots). The varying impacts of tree species on soil characteristics and microbial biomass may be partly explained by differences in functional traits related to life-history strategy of the respected species.
Land degradation caused by soil erosion (sheet and rill erosion) and soil fertility decline is a serious threat in the Ethiopian highlands, especially in the Gumara watershed. In this study the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was applied to the Gumara watershed to predict sediment yield and runoff, to establish the spatial distribution of sediment yield and to test the potential of watershed management measures to reduce sediment loadings from hotspot areas. The model was calibrated using five years of flow and sediment records and validated using data for the next three years. Out of 30 SWAT sub-basins, 18 sub-watersheds (72%) were identified as erosion prone areas contributing to a mean annual sediment load ranging from 11 to 22 t ha-1 yr-1. The model was used to evaluate the potential of vegetation filter strips of various widths to reduce sediment production from critical micro watersheds. The installation of vegetation filter strips on vulnerable land was shown to result in a 58 to 74% reduction in sediment yield for strip widths of 5 m and 10 m respectively.
The significance of solid waste management in ecohydrology research is obvious given the potential threat that solid waste poses on the intrinsic services of water purification, particularly in areas of high temperatures and precipitation levels. Improper waste disposal systems have adverse repercussions on environmental sanitation and impede water quality management efforts. The potential risk to water and soil pollution is surmountable in the areas where waste collection and disposal efforts are constrained. We used a GIS based meso-scale approach to identify solid waste ecological hot spots. Results indicate that solid waste hot spots are characterised by poor solid waste management, high temperatures, and high rainfall and are likely to compromise the ecohydrological processes of both surface and underground water systems. The most affected river basins are found in south and north-western parts of Ethiopia. Climate change is likely to worsen the situation in the areas where precipitation and temperature levels are expected to rise. We recommend that ecohydrologists prioritize such areas for improved water resource management.
We described Machadobelba shtanchaevae sp. nov. and Microtegeus khaustovi sp. nov., collected in Bale Mountains National Park (Africa, Ethiopia). The first new species is similar to Machadobelba symmetrica Balogh, 1958 (Distribution: Africa, Congo) and to Machadobelba ceylonica Balogh, 1970 (Asia, Sri Lanka), but differs from the former species by body size, length of costulae and length of notogastral setae, and from the latter species by body size, morphology of cristae and position of adanal setae ad3. Microtegeus khaustovi sp. nov. is similar to Microtegeus variabilis Mahunka, 1988 (Africa, Tanzania) and Microtegeus rugosus Mahunka, 1982 (Africa, Ethiopia), but differs from the former species by body size, number of prodorsal tubercles, length of notogastral setae c, and morphology of the notogaster; from the latter species it differs by morphology of lamellar setae, the number of prodorsal tubercles, and morphology of the notogaster.
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