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Probiotics discussed in this paper are evaluated using the WHO/FAO definition from 2001. The authors present a brief description of the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, discuss probiotics in the aspects of gut immunity and then move to selection of bacterial strains as probiotics. The main issue raised is the critical evaluation of probiotics in randomized clinical trials for conditions such as: infectious diarrhoea; antibiotic associated diarrhoea; inflammatory bowel disease; pouchitis and diverticulitis; H. pylori infection; irritable bowel syndrome. Safety of probiotics is mentioned with respect to susceptible individuals and bacterial translocation. As a conclusion the authors again recall the strain specific actions of probiotics in different clinical situations and that so far probiotics play a role in rotaviral and post antibiotic diarrhoea and pouchitis. An important issue still to be solved in order to confidently recommend probiotics as efficacious therapy is the regulatory aspect of probiotics.
Z drożdży piekarskich wyizolowano i zidentyfikowano pięć szczepów bakteryjnych z rodzaju Bacillus, Micrococcus, Sarcina, Lactobacillus i Eschericha. Stwierdzono, że zahamowanie wzrostu szczepów z rodzaju Bacillus, Micrococcus, Sarcina i Lactobacillus było tym większe, im więcej magnezu znajdowało się w podłożu hodowlanym. W wypadku szczepu E. coli dopiero dodatek Mg2+ w ilości 5,0 i 10,0 g/dm3 powodował zahamowanie wzrostu badanego szczepu.
The adhesion of six different Lactobacillus and Lactococcus and three pathogenic Escherichia and Salmonella strains was studied using Caco-2 cell line. In this in vitro model system the influence of weak electric field (EF) on bacterial adhesion was tested. The EF source was the in vitro reconstruction of spiking potentials recorded in the duodenum of a healthy calf during one myoelectrical migration complex (MMC) cycle. The ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells of bacteria belonging to two groups, Gram-positive lactobacilli and lactococci, and Gram-negative Escherichia and Salmonella differed considerably. The pathogenic bacteria adhered better to well-differentiated Caco-2 cells whereas lactobacilli and lactococci displayed better adhesion to non-differentiated Caco-2 cells. In the presence of MMC-related EF an increased adhesion of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus but not of Salmonella enterica s. Enteritidis and E. coli 269 to Caco-2 cells was observed. Two later strains adhered even less in the presence of EF. The same tendency was found in the presence of pancreatic juice in a cell medium. In conclusion, the myoelectric component of the small intestinal motility, the MMC-related EF, and pancreatic juice may increase the ability of lactic acid bacteria to adhere to GI epithelial cells, creating better environmental conditions for colonization of the intestine and competition with Gram-negative pathogens.
The occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in animal feed is risky for animals and, if transported by food of animal origin, may also pose a risk for humans. Moreover, permanent animal exposure to excessive saprophytic microorganisms in an unhygienic environment and feedingstuffs provokes pro-inflammatory cytokine production and an increase in metabolism activity, which, in turn, causes a decrease in productivity. Mycological contamination of animal feed may additionally cause mycosis, allergies and, above all, micotoxicoses. The most often detected microorganisms in animal feedingstuffs are Salmonella spp. and Clostridium spp. and factors of feed hygiene are aerobic bacteria count, fungi count, Enterobacteriaceae count and Clostridium perfringens count.
Indicator bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Salmonella, and Streptococcus were introduced into the biomass animal by-products composted in a bioreactor. Two different carriers were used - meat carriers (pieces of meat placed in the wire mesh) and plexiglass carriers (tubes filled with minced meat). The inactivation rate of the tested bacteria was the main criterion of the sanitary effectiveness of the composting process. Two experimental cycles were conducted. A high efficiency of the composting process during the first cycle, where temperature reached 68°C and all indicator microorganisms were eliminated within 30 h, was demonstrated. After 161 h of the second cycle, the inactivation of the tested bacteria proceeded much slower and their theoretical survival ranged from 236 to over 1,000 h.
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