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In June 2005 metaplantation of Eryngium maritimum and Epipactis atrorubens, from the build area of the Gdańsk Container Terminal into Sobieszewska Island was carried out. The reason for that immediate action was the unreliable report of the influence of investment on the environment, in which the mentioned above species have not been included. Metaplantation was conducted during one day time, by 21 volunteers. Altogether, 146 individuals of Sea Holly and 184 ones of Dark Red Helleborine have been translocated. Detailed measurements of each individual were made. On the new site, all planted individuals were permanently labelled. The newly constituted populations have been taken under monitoring. With regard to species of special concern, metaplantation of threatened populations seems to be the most beneficial form of nature compensation expected from the investors. Still, there are no unambiguous procedures for its executing.
The paper brings a new record about Dark Red Helleborine Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser in the Karkonosze (the Sudetes, NW Poland). The new site is situated 3 km to the west of the center of Szklarska Porêba, at the foot of Czerwone Skałki Mt., 775 m a.s.l. Two flowering and three vegetative ramets were observed here in July 2009. It grows on a small rocky escarpment between the local road and the railway. A long distance from the known localities and the site properties suggest that the newly discovered population may be of an anthropogenic origin. Distribution map of all known localities of E. atrorubens in Lower Silesia is also presented. The population is endangered because of isolation and a small number of specimens. The main threatening factors are anthropogenic impacts and succession. Any repair work, as well as sprinkling the road with salt in the winter, may destroy the population.
The comparative analysis of leaf morphology was performed in E. helleborine (L.) Crantz, E.atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser, and their interspecific hybrid, Epipactis ×schmalhausenii Richt. The aim of this research was to find out features that would be useful in the taxonomy of the genus Epipactis, and particulary their taxa of hybrid origin. In course of the studies special attention was paid to leaf morphology, mostly to their margins, presence of papillae, their shape and size, and to leaf structure. The thickness of the leaf blades manifested by number of spongy mesophyll cell layers, size of vascular bundles and the level of leaf sclerification were compared in the hybrid and both parental species. In E. helleborine and E. atrorubens the analyzed features were highly variable, especially in the former species, which is characterized by wide phenotypic plasticity. Morphological and anatomical features in E. ×schmalhausenii showed a transitional character to the parental species. Our results suggest that a single feature can not be of taxonomic value, but the combination of different traits has to be considered when distinguishing parental and hybrid taxa.
A series of studies on pollination biology of the Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser, E. purpurata Sm., and E. palustris (L.) Crantz populations was conducted in Poland, Lithuania and Czech Republic between 2003 and 2010. The research focused on pollinators and visitors to aforementioned orchid species as well as on the chemical analysis of orchids’ nectar which was done using the GC/MS method. It was found that: 1) the type of pollinators depends on the orchid population size and the surrounding environment, where the temperature and amount of precipitation during the vegetative season are the most vital factors; 2) pollinators and visitors to the examined orchids might differ in successive growing seasons; 3) the studied Epipactis species differ in the chemical composition of their nectar and its scent, which can influence their pollination biology; 4) the tendency to autogamy observed in E. purpurata might be due to lack of pollinators in its habitats.
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