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Echinoparyphium species are common, widely distributed intestinal parasites causing disease in animals worldwide. Intermediate hosts include snails, bivalves, and fish, whereas the definitive hosts are mainly birds and mammals. This review examines the significant literature on Echinoparyphium. Descriptive studies, life cycle, experimental and manipulative studies, and biochemical and molecular studies are presented. The influence of environmental factors, and toxic pollutants, are reviewed as well as studies on the pathology of Echinoparyphium.
Echinostomatidae (Trematoda) is the largest family within the class Trematoda. Members of this family have been studied for many years in relation to their utility as basic research models in biodiversity and systematics and also as experimental models in parasitology since they offer many advantages. Echinostomes have contributed significantly to numerous developments in many areas studied by parasitologists and experimental biologists. In this review, we examine the history of the echinostomebased studies from the beginnings to the present. For this purpose, we have divided the history of echinostomes into four periods (i.e. 18th and 19th centuries, first half of the 20th century, second half of the 20th century and the late 20th and 21th century) according to the types of studies performed in each of them. Moreover, we also briefly review the history of echinostome infections in humans.
Adult specimens of Stephanoprora uruguayense Holcman-Spector et Olagüe, 1989 were obtained experimentally by infecting chicks with cysts from the gills of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842) from Andean Patagonian lakes. Specimens of this species were found in nature parasitising Larus dominicanus (Lichtenstein, 1823) in the same area. The species is redescribed and the validity of Stephanoprora spp. from birds of South America as well as the status of Stephanoprora manei Holcman- Spector et Olagüe, 1986 are discussed. Beaverostomum Gupta, 1963 is considered synonymous with Stephanoprora Odhner, 1902. Stephanoprora dogieli Holcman-Spector et Olagüe, 1989, S. podicipei Etchegoin et Martorelli, 1997 and S. denticulata described by Torres et al. 1983, are synonymised with S. uruguayense.
The morphology and chaetotaxy of the rediae and the cercariae of Isthmiophora melis are described and compared with other echinostomatids and related groups of trematodes. Apart from adult morphology of I. melis, which is typical of Echinostomatidae, the structure of the redia and chaetotaxy pattern of the cercaria are the most similar to those observed in an echinostomatid genus Paryphostomum as well as in representatives of the family Cathaemasiidae, especially in Cathaemasia hians.
Petasiger argentinensis sp. nov. is described from material found in the intestine of the Great Grebe, Podiceps major (Boddaert) and the White-tufted Grebe, Rollandia rolland Quoy et Gaimard (Podicipediformes, Podicipedidae), from Argentina. The new species is characterized by the head collar armed with 19 spines and by the testes arranged in tandem. These characters are shared with only two Neotropical species of the genus, P. novemdecim Lutz, 1928 and P. combesi Zamparo, Overstreet et Brooks, 2005. Petasiger novemdecim differs from the new species in having a larger body, longer collar spines, larger eggs, a cirrus-sac of similar size to the ventral sucker and almost entirely anterior to it, and vitelline fields confluent ventrally posterior to the ventral sucker. P. combesi differs from the new species in most metrical characters, the shape of the body (antero-posteriorly elongate) and the location of the genital pore (dextral) and the excretory pore (dorsal). This is the first record of a member of the genus Petasiger parasitizing birds from Argentina.
Two types of metacercariae with 37 and 43 collar spines were obtained from Diplodon chilensis (Unionacea, Pelecypoda). They were fed to chicken and mice and mature adults with eggs were only obtained from the latter. These are described as a new species, Echinoparyphium megacirrus sp. n.
The sequencing of ITS1 fragments of the rDNA were assayed in order to discriminate species and to establish relationships between representatives of the genera: Echinoparyphium (E. elegans, E. recurvatum, E. pseudorecurvatum), Pseudechinoparyphium (P. echinatum), Neoacanthoparyphium (N. echinatoides) and Hypoderaeum (H. conoideum). The assay has shown that the most closely related are three species of Echinoparyphium while P. echinatum and N. echinatoides were more distant, especially the latter. H. conoideum appeared to be close to Echinoparyphium. The analysis of sequences of ITS1 region of rDNA and RAPD profiles corroborated with earlier conclusions based on chaetotaxy of cercariae and the excretory system patterns.
The life cycle of Echinoparyphium rubrum (Cort, 1914) comb. n. has been completed experimentally. All of the developmental stages - egg, miracidium, sporocyst, mother and daughter rediae, cercaria, metacercaria, and adult - were examined and described. The miracidia infected freshwater snails of the genus Physa, P. gyrina and P. occidentalis. Attempts to infect snails of the genera Lymnaea, L. auricularis, L. peregra, L. truncatula and Bulinus, B. truncatus failed. Cercariae infected various pulmonate and prosobranch freshwater snails, mussels, frogi water turtles and planarians. The adults developed in the small intestine of birds and mammals. The identity and major characteristics of Echinoparyphium rubrum are discussed. Synonyms of E. rubrum are Cercaria rubra Cort, 1914; Cercaria biflexa Faust, 1917; Cercaria chisolenata Faust, 1918; Echinostoma callawayensis Barker et Noll, 1915; Echinostoma revolutum of Johnson (1920); Echinoparyphium elegans of Cannon (1938), of Bain and Trelfall (1977), of Mahoney and Trelfall (1977); and Echinoparyphium recurvatum of Jilek (1977), Harley (1972), Sankurathri and Holmes (1976). Comparisons are made between E. rubrum and its 43-collar-spined allies: E. flexum from North America, E. cinctum from Europe, E. dunni from Asia and E. elegans from Africa.
A rare echinostome cercaria - Cercaria abyssicola Wesenberg-Lund, 1934 is redescribed on the base of the material found in Valvata piscinalis from the lake Asveja in Lithuania. Description of the cercaria is completed with data concerning the number of collar spines (equal to 45), structure of excretory system and pattern of chaetotaxy. Some details are also added to the morphology of redia and metacercaria. The taxonomic status and possible affinities of the species are discussed.
Stephanoprora podicipei sp. n. parasite of great grebe Podiceps major Boddaert, 1785 (Aves, Podicipedidae) from Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires, Argentina) is described and illustrated. The new species presents common features with S. conciliata Dietz, 1909; S. manei Holcman-Spector et Olagüe, 1986; S. dogieli Holcman-Spector et Olagüe, 1989 and S. uruguayense Holcman-Spector et Olagüe, 1989. S. podicipei sp. n. can be clearly distinguished from these species, principally, by the smaller size of its body, peristomic disk, testes, ovary and by its shorter oesophagus and uterus. S. podicipei also differs from S. argentiniensis Sutton et al., 1982, the other species of this genus parasitizing Podiceps major in Argentina, in the number of spines of the peristomic disk (22 vs. 20), in its smaller body, peristomic disk and testes; in its larger acetabulum and eggs, in the shape of the testes and in its vitellaria extending to the middle of the anterior testis.
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