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The filarial nematode Dirofilaria repens is currently considered to be one of the most extensively spreading human and animal parasites in Europe. In Ukraine, reporting cases of dirofilariasis has been mandatory since 1975, and the disease was included in the national surveillance system for notifiable diseases. Up until December 31st 2012, a total of 1533 cases have been registered, with 1465 cases occurring within the previous 16 years. Most of the cases of dirofilariasis were registered in 6 regions: Kyiv, and the Donetsk, Zaporizhzhya, Dnipropetrovsk, Kherson and Chernihiv oblasts. In the years 1997–2002 the highest incidence rate was noted in the Kherson oblast in the south of the country (9.79 per 100 000 people), and the lowest in western Ukraine (0.07–1.68 per 100 000 people). D. repens infections were registered in all oblasts. Parasitic lesions were most often located in the head, the subconjunctival tissue and around the eyes. D. repens lesions were also found in the limbs, torso, male sexual organs, and female mammary glands. Dirofilariasis was diagnosed in persons aged from 11 months to 90 years old, most often among people between 21–40 years of age. Most patients had only one parasitic skin lesion; the majority of isolated nematodes were female. The results of our analysis point to a constant increase in D. repens dirofilariasis incidence in humans in Ukraine. Despite educational efforts, infections have become more frequent and the territory in which the disease occurs has enlarged to encompass the whole of Ukraine. Nevertheless, the Ukrainian sanitary-epidemiological services managed to achieve some measure of success, e.g. by creating a registration system for D. repens infections and establishing proper diagnostics for the disease.
Dirofilariosis caused by the Dirofilaria repens nematodes is widely dispersed in southern Europe, Asia and Africa among dogs, cats, other carnivores and occasionally, humans. The first case of D. repens infection, found in Poland in 2007, concerned humans. In 2009, dirofilariosis was first registered in dogs in 3 focuses in central Poland, Warsaw, Pruszków and Żyrardów, whose range grew considerably with the subsequent identification of D. repens microfilariae in 119 dogs in Warsaw and 18 districts of the Mazowieckie Province. The microfilariae of D. repens were found in blood samples taken from 1588 dogs from all 16 provinces of Poland. D. repens was also recently detected in a mixture of Culex pipiens and Aedes vexans mosquitoes collected in Mazowieckie Province using Real Time PCR. The results of this study confirms the acclimatisation of D. repens on the territory of Poland and a possibility for it to close its life cycle in domestic species of mosquito.
Dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens nematodes is a parasitosis occurring in dogs, cats and wild carnivores in southern Europe. In Poland it was found for the first time in 2009 in dogs in the Mazovian Province. The nematodes of that species are mostly found in nodules located in the subcutaneous connective tissue or intramuscular connective tissue of the trunk and legs. The aim of this paper was to describe a case D. repens nematode located in a dog’s testicular parenchyma. An eight-year-old German shepherd dog was found to have an enlarged left testis. After castration, during the extraction of a sample from the removed testis for histopathological examination, an oval, three-centimeter-wide cyst filled with clear liquid was found. Inside the cyst, a long, spirally rolled white nematode was detected - a mature female belonging to the D. repens species. In the dog’s blood, microfilariae of that parasite were also identified. The histopathological examination of the cyst wall showed the presence of a tumor composed of Leydig cells of a cyst-vascular type. The dog came from the Mazovian Province and had never been away, which suggests that this was a native invasion. This is the first case of D. repens in an intra-testicular location in a dog.
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