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The distribution of lead in root tips of Dianthus carthusianorum was compared in populations from a zinc-lead waste heap in Bolesław near Olkusz and from a natural stand in the Botanical Garden in Lublin. The analyses were made at two developmental stages: seedlings (after 8 days of incubation in 5 mg/dm3 Pb+2 from PbCl2 in 1/8 Knop medium) and mature plants (after 23 days of incubation in 10 mg/dm3 Pb+2 from PbCl2 in 1/2 Knop medium). Histochemical methods (rhodizonate and dithizonate) of lead detection revealed significant accumulation of this metal on the root surface of the examined plants. The site of next-strongest lead accumulation in root tips of plants from both populations was in cell walls of the pericycle. The layer of meristematic pericycle cells seemed to be a strong barrier against penetration of lead to the deepest cells of the procambium. Histochemical methods and tissue sections revealed no differences in lead distribution between root tips from the waste heap and from the natural population, but differences were detected on the ultrastructural level. There were numerous lead deposits in the cytoplasm of cells from ground meristem in the natural population, and none in specimens from the waste heap, indicating that lead had a higher toxic effect on the natural population of D. carthusianorum.
In order to estimate the content of selected heavy metals (Co, Cr, Ni i Mn) and macroelements plant material of Dianthus carthusianorum L. was collected from the serpentine dump in Sobótka (Lower Silesia), as well as from two natural habitat of the mentioned species located in the area of Mirów (Kraków - Częstochowa Highland) and Kamieniec Wrocławski (Lower Silesia). In plant material subjected to the examination there were found higher concentrations of Ni, Cr i Co in the samples of Dianthus carthusianorum L. growing on the dump in comparison to plants of the same species originating from natural habitats. Comparing macroelement content in dianthus variety coming from the serpentine dump in Sobótka and those from plants growing in natural habitats it was possible to state that plants from the dump population contained lower concentrations of Ca, K and P than those from natural populations, while dianthus plants growing on the dump featured considerably higher contents of Mg than plants from Mirów and Kamieniec Wrocławski. The investigation involved the estimation of selected heavy metal concentration (total and soluble forms) in the dump material collected in Sobótka. Chemical analyses proved that Co, Cr, Ni, Mn contents were elevated in comparison to natural concentrations of those metals in the environment. The reaction of soil material subjected to examinations was neutral, slightly acid and acid, which probably affected the increase of the contribution of soluble forms of chemical elements analyzed.
This paper reviews several studies dealing with the specific traits of plants growing on calamine waste heaps in the vicinity of Olkusz. The waste heaps here contain very high amounts of zinc, lead and cadmium. Particular traits distinguishing the calamine forms of the species Silene vulgaris, Dianthus carthusianorum and Biscutella laevigata make calamine plants potentially very useful for recultivating land polluted by heavy metals in Poland. Utilization of natural biological processes would seem to be the best approach to the problem of recultivation. Despite this, methods using local plant resources to reclaim areas polluted by high concentrations of heavy metals are still rarely used. The natural vegetation of areas characterized by high concentrations of heavy metals may be a valuable source of genetic material (ecotypes) ideally adapted for growth under the harsh and pioneering conditions of calamine waste heaps.
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