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Slugs are serious agricultural pests. Besides oilseed rape, slugs cause strong damage to all species of winter cereals. Experiments were designed to determine the sensitivity of four species of winter cereals (rye, barley, wheat and triticale) in early stages of plant development to damage caused by the slugs Arion lusitanicus and Deroceras reticulatum. The least damaged by two species of snails were seeds of winter barley. In contrast to cereal grains, seedlings of winter barley were strongly attacked by A. lusitanicus. The damage caused by D. reticulatum to seedlings of four species of cereal was similar.
Winter rape is susceptible to damage caused by D. reticulatum (O. F. Müller) mainly in the early phases of the plants’ development. The degree of damage and the size of yield losses depend on the slug population and the grazing activity, which are governed by many environmental factors. Laboratory studies were performed to analyse the rate and amount of damage to rape plants (2–3 leaf stage) caused by D. reticulatum, and the effect of temperature and soil humidity on the slug’s grazing activity. With increasing air temperature (up to 16°C) the amount of damage increased, but the effect was not lasting. The slugs were also active at low temperatures (+1°C), and although their grazing was less intense, the amount of damage after seven days could reach an average of 34%. In laboratory tests, the soil humidity had no marked effect on the amount of damage done by the slugs.
Studies on palatability of some commom weed species, herbaceous plants and oilseed rape to D. reticulatum, A. lusitanicus and A. rufus slugs have been carried out under laboratory conditions. In food choice trials the rate and degree of damage to seedlings and leaf disks were determined for 20 plant species. The conducted experiments have also permitted to establish, which plant species were preferred or were not accepted by particular slug species. It was found that the studied slug species preferred seedlings and leaves of Brassica napus and Papaver rhoeas, but showed no preference for Epilobium hirsutum, Geranium sanguineum and Saponaria officinalis plants. As to the remaining plant species under study, the preferences exhibited by particular slug species were quite diverse.
The following slug species, Arion lusitanicus, Arion rufus, and Deroceras reticulatum were included in laboratory-based multi-choice food tests consisting of 19 herb plants and oilseed rape. Rates of damage to plants at the growth stage of 2-4 leaves were estimated for each slug species and all tested herb plants using oilseed rape as a reference. The following indices were calculated: acceptability index (A. I.), palatability index (P. I.) and consumption index (C. I.). Based on the obtained results four groups of plants were designated: unacceptable, lowly acceptable, moderately acceptable and highly acceptable. Brassica napus, Ocimum basilicum and Coriandrum sativum were accepted by all three examined slugs while Potentilla anserina and Chamaenerion angustifolium were rejected. The acceptance degree for remaining plants varied according to slug species.
Studies on food preference of herbivores include no-choice test and test with choice or multiple choice. Conclusions from statistic analyses of these tests are compared descriptively. The definition of compatibility index and consumption growth index has enabled us to use nonparametric test for verification of hypotheses about homogeneity of the consumption growths of selected plant species under no-choice and multiple choice conditions. The studies were conducted on food preference of the slug Deroceras reticulatum. It has been found that Chamaenerion angustifolium, Geraniumpusillum and Potentilla anserina can be used to reduce this slug feeding on cultivated plants. It has been also found that seedlings of Polygonum aviculare can be used as alternative food for slugs.
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