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The ornate dog tick (Dermacentor reticulatus) can be found in the temperate zones of Eurasia. Its area of occurrence is divided into east and west distributions, although the area as a whole is expanding. The initial east-west division was most probably associated with the varied climatic profile of Europe, for example, the range of specific mean winter and summer temperatures: the region where D. reticulatus is absent is characterized by mean winter temperatures between 0°C and 5°C and thin snow cover. The present expansion may be the effect of climate change. The mean temperatures in Europe have increased, the vegetation season has lengthened and positive trends in the number of wet days can be seen. Consequently, northern Europe has become warmer and wetter over the last century. human activity can also influence the spread of D. reticulatus. The liquidation of habitats suitable for D. reticulatus and the eradication of their hosts can play a role, as can changes in agricultural land use, environmental protection and the spread of international tourism and trade. In summary, the expansion of D. reticulatus into new areas could be the synergistic effect of many favourable factors.
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Occurrence of hard ticks in dogs from Warsaw area

86%
Ticks are known as a vector of many viral, bacterial, rickettsial and protozoan infections of dogs. The threat with particular tick-transmitted disease depends very much on the tick species which feeds on the dog. In this paper we present results of research designed to identify tick species which attack dogs in the Warsaw area. Ticks were collected from dogs presented for medical examination in veterinary clinics in different parts of Warsaw. All of 590 tick specimens found on dogs belonged to the family Ixodidae (hard ticks). The majority (64.6%) of the collected ticks were identified as Dermacentor reticulatus – vector of Babesia canis. The other tick species found on examined dogs was Ixodes ricinus. The male to female ratio was more than 3 times higher in D. reticulatus than in I. ricinus.
Dermacentor reticulatus tick is a vector and final host of Babesia canis canis, protozoan parasite of the dog. In Poland and other European countries, endemic regions for canine babesiosis caused by B. canis canis are the same as endemic regions for D. reticulatus. In many of these regions, canine babesiosis is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in dogs. In Europe, increasing range of geographical distribution of D. reticulatus is observed. A consequence of this fact may be increasing range of canine babesiosis. D. reticulatus is one of the most common ticks occurring in Poland, however, it occurs mainly in the north-eastern and eastern part of the country, and there are many areas in which this species has not been reported yet. In this study, D. reticulatus ticks were collected from March 2007 to November 2008 in central and eastern Mazowsze region, and in some localities in Białystok and Lublin regions. Twenty four new sites for D. reticulatus, mainly in central and eastern regions of Mazowsze Province have been found. 18 localities are placed on banks of the fishing ponds or in river valleys and 6 are forests borders or barren lands and meadows, not situated near rivers or other water reservoirs. All tick-rich sites are localized in river valleys or on pond banks. However, statistical analysis showed that there were no differences in the density of ticks between groups of areas. These results show that the occurrence of D. reticulatus in newly detected areas has became endemic. Probably woodless, unregulated river valleys are important migration tracts for this species of tick and enable them to penetrate new territories. It seems likely that geographical range of D. reticulatus is widening from east to west of Poland what can induce an increase in the number of canine babesiosis cases in areas non-endemic for B. canis canis and its vector. Climate change may be also partially responsible for earlier beginning of tick’s seasonal activity as well as for bigger faunal diversity (more potential host species both for adults and immature stages).
The following report concerns the first record and occurrence of an ornate cow tick (Dermacentor reticulatus) in the Silesian province. One female and one male were collected from a dog in the veterinary clinic in Racibórz, while in the vicinity of Żywiec one female tick was found also on a dog. Ticks collected in Racibórz are most probably part of the local fauna, while the specimen from Żywiec may have come from the Warsaw area, the source of the host. These findings confirm changes of European distribution recorded lately for this species and the role of humans in this process. However, they need to be supported by more thorough research involving collection by flagging and/or other hosts such as wild animals.
Rickettsia spp. transmitted by ticks are classified mostly in the Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (SFGR). Numerous species of this group have been identified in Eurasia as emerging pathogens, but still little is known about their occurrence, effects on human health, and co-incidence with other tick-borne pathogens. The aim of the presented study was to determine the prevalence of Rickettsia spp. in adult Dermacentor reticulatus (Acari: Amblyommidae) ticks collected in Lublin province of eastern Poland using the PCR method. The infection rate of D. reticulatus with Rickettsia spp. was 53.0%. All except one rickettsial isolates showed 100% homology with Rickettsia raoultii. A high prevalence of R. raoultii in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from eastern Poland suggests that the SFGR species should be considered as potential causative agents of tick-borne diseases in this area.
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