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From 1996 to 2000 the home ranges of 14 male fallow deer Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in the San Rossore Preserve (Italy) using radio-telemetry. Mean size of annual home ranges was 588.9 ± 278.9 ha, calculated by MCP, and 337.5 ± 178.9 ha, using Kernel method, and was larger than that reported in published literature to date. The size of the seasonal home range estimated with the MCP method was 90.6 ± 129.1 ha during spring, 73.7 ± 67.9 ha in summer, 465.0 ± 230.6 ha in fall, and 65.6 ± 60.6 ha in winter. The Kernel method gave 84.7 ± 140.2 ha in spring, 61.3 ± 64.6 ha in summer, 306.0 ± 170.5 ha in fall, and 46.5 ± 44.0 ha during winter. The seasonal analysis suggested that bucks tended to occupy the same particular area from winter to summer, which was related to rich trophic resources, even despite of anthropic disturbance. During autumn, males reached the rutting site (a lek) that was 4 km distant from the areas occupied during the other three seasons. The lekking behaviour was the main factor influencing home range size.
Fifty-nine fallow deer Dama dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) fitted with radio collars were monitored in the Blue Mountains, Otago, New Zealand, between September 1985 and February 1988 to determine home range size ant! patterns of range development. Fallow deer occupy small annual ranges, averaging 66 ha for females and 189 ha for males (90% isopleths calculated by the Harmonic Mean method). For resident animals the respective values were 50 ha and 127 ha. Bimonthly seasonal range size varied with sex, age-class and season, with different seasonal patterns for males and females. Only one adult female dispersed, and most females occupied the same core range throughout the period they were monitored. Some subadult females did move into new areas, by a process of range extension rather than a single dispersive range shift. In contrast most males monitored for more than 6 months shifted their range, but the distances between successive seasonal range centres never exceeded 2,6 km and could not be reliably distinguished from adult seasonal movements. The range stability and slow dispersal rates of fallow deer should make them easier to control than the other common introduced deer species in New Zealand, and should make it practical to have different management objectives and regimes for adjacent catchments in the Blue Mountains.
The fallow deer is a species with a wide range of occurrence that primarily inhabits deciduous and mixed forests in Europe and North America. However, it also inhabits boreal environments that are rich in understory, fields, and meadows. Some parts of Poland have a high density of fallow deer due to human activities. Despite its extensive distribution, many aspects of this species ecology remain unexplored. Our research was performed in Osie and Dąbrowa forest districts in the Tuchola Forest (northern Poland), where the fallow deer is an introduced species. The objectives of the study was to determine the factors influencing the winter spatial distribution of the fallow deer in an environment dominated by Scots pine forests. Using the pellet−group count method, four 100 m² circular plots (5.6−m radius) were located 100 m apart one from the other on the perimeters of 25 equally distributed 500×500 m squares (16 circles/square) within the research area. The mean density of the fallow deer pellets ranged widely across the study area (0.5–5.6 (±1.27) pellets/square). The most significant factor affecting their winter spatial distribution was distance to water. The redundancy analysis showed that in winter, fallow deer avoids the boreal forests and chooses meadows, pastures, and cultivated fields. The fallow deer in the Tuchola Forest occurred mainly along the watercourses and meadows.
The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between ingested forage and composition of micro− fauna in the rumen of fallow deer. Rumen content of six specimens was obtained from the Bolimowska Forest during 2011/12 hunting season. Protozoa of the Entodinium and Epidinium genera belonging to the Ophryoscoleciade family were identified in analysed samples. Density of Entodinium population was positively correlated with percentage share of forage rich in starch. It was also reversely and equally strongly correlated to the share of forage rich in cellulose (p>0.05). Share of volume and biomass of Epidinium population was correlated negatively with the share of acorns in the forage (p>0.1). Differences in number and share of protozoa of the Entodinium and Epidinium genera in the rumen of fallow deer coexisting in the same place and time indicate feeding opportunism of this ruminant.
Turkey is being a bridge between Europe and Asia and it provides the natural pathway for the spread of species between these continents. The Beydağları Mountains and its surroundings (Antalya) host many Asian, European and Mediterranean faunal and floral elements and the location, which is considered as one of the most important faunal areas in Turkey especially for larger mammals. The study is the first systematic survey of the carnivores in the region which is based on photo trapping. The cameras were set at 45 locations for 2055 trap days between 2005–2009 over the area 294 km2 at the altitude 1200–2000 m a.s.l. Most of the species and their individual abundance were recorded in maquis habitat type followed by red pine forest, mixed (red pine and maquis), and cedar forest respectively. The wild animals that were captured included five mammalian carnivore species (red fox Vulpes vulpes, badger Meles meles, stone marten Martes foina, gray wolf Canis lupus and caracal Caracal caracal) and also wild boar Sus scrofa, fallow deer Dama dama and hare Lepus europaeus. Photo trapping activity was mostly recorded between 21:00 and 03:00 hours. Wild terrestrial carnivores occur at low densities in the study area (1.73 for caracal and 0.9 for wolf ind.100 km-2) while the most widespread larger mammal was the wild boar (188 ind.100 km-2). The small fallow deer population was mainly confined in a large (4.2 km2) fenced enclosure and its size was accessed by direct drive count. The results support the hypothesis that Beydağları Mountains having the Asian, European and Mediterranean mammals makes the Anatolian Peninsula being a bridge between Europe and Asia. Caracal density was lower than the Datca population in the southern part of Anatolia. This may be consequence of higher human activities in the Beydağları Mts. Human activities in the Beydağları Mts. Should be reduced for sensitive animals to human activities like caracal and wolf and the illegal hunting should be strictly prohibited in the area for viability of the large mammals of Beydağları Mts.
Fallow deer in Poland is an alien species, with an ambiguous legal status. It is considered both, a game and a farm animal, which introductions in recent years led to a substantial increase of its population. As a representative of cervids, it shares with other free-ranging and domestic ruminants many of gastrointestinal helminths, among them an alien Ashworthius sidemi, the nematode of a high pathogenicity. Until now, the parasite was observed in Poland at two foci of the wild (i.e., Bialowieża and Bieszczady forests), but not yet in fallow deer. The present study was intended to recognize the infection level, and helminth species composition, in fallow deer living in captivity. Alimentary tracts of four animals, hunted in enclosure situated in Dulowa Primeval Forest, were dissected. Nematodes belonging to seven species: Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, S. mathevossiani, S. asymmetrica, Nematodirus filicollis, Aonchotheca bovis, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Ashworthius sidemi were recovered, with the latest helminth being predominat. In the present study, the origin of A. sidemi infection, its impact on the host and abomasum nematode communities, as well as the potential parasite spread on other ruminants, were investigated.
After examination of 202 fallow deers, in 15 of them D. meyeri was founded. Prevalence amounted to 7% intensity ca. 5.5 specimens.
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