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SNP-minisequencing has become common in forensic genetics, especially for analysing degraded or low copy number DNA (LCN DNA). The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of five SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers for analyzing degraded and LCN DNA recovered from archival samples. DNA extractions of eight formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were performed and DNA fragments were amplified in one multiplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction). SNPs were identified in a minisequencing reaction and a gel electrophoresis in ABI Prism®377 Sequencer. The research confirmed the usefulness of SNP-minisequencing for analysing FFPE tissues.
Anthropogenic disturbances, such as tillage, management practices, and fertilization, can influence soil microbial communities, but little is known about the effects of land use type on soil fungal communities. In this study, fungal abundance, diversity and community composition in soils were analyzed, to determine the impacts of different agricultural land use types, including old rice paddies (ORP), the long-term and (LTV), short-term (STV) cultivation of vegetables and Magnolia nursery plantations (MNP). Compared to the soils in ORP, the fungal abundance, determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, was significantly higher in soils from LTV fields and lower in those from MNP; the copy numbers of the fungal ITS genes in the LTV soils were 30 times greater than in the MNP soils. The terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) results showed that the fungal community composition was obviously different in the different soils, based on land use type. Only three T-RFs were found in the soils from the LTV fields, followed by seven in the STV soils and nine in the MNP soils; the most (11) T-RFs were found in the ORP soils. Of the measured soil chemical properties, SOC, available P and NO₃⁻-N were the dominant factors that influenced the fungal communities based on the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The present study showed that conversion from paddy soil to vegetable cultivation changed soil properties, decreased soil fungal diversity, increased fungal abundance, and shifted fungal community composition.
Multiplex PCR is a variant of conventional PCR which includes two or more pairs of primers in a single reaction to amplify corresponding genes simultaneously. In this study, a reliable multiplex PCR analysis protocol was established for simple and fast detection of transgenes in plant materials. Two pairs of primers, corresponding to neomycin phosphotransferase gene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene, were selected for target and resident gene respectively. The method bypasses routine DNA extraction, requires only very little amount of plant tissue and produces reliable results as shown by successful discrimination of transformed and non transformed tobacco, tomato and kumquat materials. The method facilitates early identification of transgenic buds when they are still quite small.
A protocol of the new method of DNA extraction from the ethanol fixed parasitic worms is described. The method is based on the use of the guanidine thiocyanate extraction buffer after evaporation of the ethanol from the tissues by drying. The method has been successfully used on several groups of parasitic Plathyhelminthes and provided higher DNA yield than a conventional phenol-chloroform extraction.
This paper describes the application of two direct and one indirect methods for the extraction of microbial community DNA from soils polluted with heavy metals. DNA was extracted directly from soil by a gentle method based on the soil incubation at 37°C with proteinase K and SDS or the method was modified by the addition of bead beating step. The indirect approach was based on the RNA/DNA extraction method. The level of soil contamination did not affect on the yields of DNA extracted and PCR amplification of the target DNA. The results indicated that the DNA obtained by the applied protocols was sufficiently pure for further molecular analyses.
The rare tropical Gasteromycetes Lycogalopsis solmsii has been found twice at thirty years interval in the Singapore Botanic Gardens. From the most recent find a culture could be isolated, which allowed DNA extraction and sequencing of about 2000 bp from the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Comparison to a large sample of Basidiomycetes was only possible for a part of the large ribosomal subunit, but clearly indicated affiliation to the gomphoid-phalloid group, without any relationship to Lycoperdales or Agaricales, as stated in the Dictionary of the Fungi.
Among the numerous protocols that describe the extraction of DNA, those relating to the isolation of DNA from infected plants, are rare. This study describes a rapid and reliable method of extracting a high quality and quantity of DNA from rhododendron leaves artificially infected with Phytophthora cactorum, P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, and P. plurivora. The use of the modified Doyle and Doyle protocol (1987) allowed us to obtain high quantity and quality DNA (18.26 μg from 100 mg of the fresh weight of infected leaves at the ratios of A260/280 and A260/230 – 1.83 and 1.72, respectively), suitable for conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR amplifications.
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