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An eight-week feeding trial was conducted in a static indoor rearing system to examine the effects of partial substitution of fish meal (FM) protein with copra meal protein with and without supplemental amino acids in diets for rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings (average weight 5.50 ±0.19 g). Prior to incorporation into diets, the meal was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus) in order to reduce / eliminate the anti-nutritional factors, tanin and phytic acid present in it. Twelve experimental diets (D1 to D12) were formulated replacing the FM protein from a reference diet with copra meal protein at different levels (four sets of diets, of which each set of three diets contained 30, 40, and 50% replacement of FM protein by copra meal protein respectively). Diets D1 to D3 were not supplemented with any amino acid. Lysine was added to diets D4 to D6. Diets D7 to D9 were supplemented with methionine-cystine (together) and diets D10 to D12 contained lysine and methionine-cystine (together). Lysine and methionine-cystine (together) were added to the diets at 5.7% and 3.1% of dietary protein respectively. The groups of fish fed diets without any supplemental amino-acids had significantly lower percentage weight gain, SGR and high FCR than the groups of fish fed other experimental diets. The addition of lysine and methionine-cystine to the diet in which 50% of FM protein was replaced by copra protein (diet D12) significantly improved fish weight gain and FCR. The percentage live weight gain and SGR values differed significantly (P < 0.01) from each other in the fish fed diets D10 to D12 which were supplemented with all three amino acids. The results of the present study suggest that rohu fingerlings can effectively utilise the supplemented amino acids and that copra meal protein can replace up to 50% of FM protein in the diets for rohu if the meal is properly fermented and supplemented with deficient amino acids.
In the present study, we described the protein profile experimentally by 2D-PAGE and MALDI analysis to understand the stress mechanisms of cocoti sap and wine on E.coli Nissle 1917. We isolated one newly expressed protein from cocoti wine treated gel which is not present in both control and cocoti sap treated sample i.e. P21 prophage-derived head-stabilizing proteinVG03_ECOL6 (3n1) also called as Head protein gp3. This protein mainly activities related to the viral life cycle. It helps to attach the viral gene into host. The growth rate was delayed in cocoti wine treated E.coli Nissle 1917 when compared to control and cocoti sap treated samples. Stress mechanism induce many proteins they are involved in metabolic process, hydrolase activity, lyase activity, quinone binding, phosphotransferase system, carbohydrate metabolism, DNA binding, DNA repair, transferase activity, oxidoreductase, purine metabolism, transcription antitermination, transcription regulation and other related activities. We proved that the predicted protein structure quality, resolution, density and error plot values by QMEAN analysis. Based on these results, only two differentially expressed proteins under sap stress showed that the significant results, which were N-acetylgalactosamine-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIB component 1, PTPB1_ECOLI and DinI-like protein Z3305/ECs2939 in prophage CP-933VDINI1_ECO57. In case of wine stress, the differentially expressed proteins were Transcription anti-termination protein RFAH- ECO57 NusA and PUR7- eco24- phosphoribosylamidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase showed significant results. ProtParam analysis indicating that the multiple physico-chemical characters of differentially expressed proteins were differed and compared. The phylogenetic tree represents the relationship in-between the differentially expressed proteins, were showed siblings (related) as well as monophytic clade.
Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma lucidum (Leys) Karst, is the most destructive disease and a major constraint in coconut production. Fifty five endophytic strains of bacteria were isolated from coconut roots of different regions. Among the isolates, EPC5 (Endophytes coconut), EPC8, EPC15, EPC29, EPC52 and Pfl (Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) promoted the rice seedling growth in roll towel and pot culture method. EPC5 (Plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria), Pf1 and Trichoderma viride (Plant growth promoting fungus) effectively inhibited the G. lucidum growth in vitro. When bioagents along with farm yard manure (FYM) were heaped for different days interval the population was increased in twenty days both in sterilized and unsterilized conditions.
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