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Cladosporium spores in the air of Szczecin

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Moulds are common aeroallergens and Cladosporium is considered to be the most prevalent of them. The objective of the studies was to determine the seasonal variation in concentrations of Cladosporium spores due to meteorological parameters. The meteorological parameters analysed were maximum air temperature, relative humidity, amount of precipitation and wind speed. The greatest threat from Cladosporium allergens was posed from the middle of May (2004, 2006) and June (2005) till the middle of October (2005) and in the end of October (2004) till the middle of November (2006). Statistically significant correlations were found among the Cladosporium spore count in the air and maximum air temperature in all the analysed seasons, and amount of precipitation only in one season. The spore count of Cladosporium was determined by weather conditions, especially by air temperature.
Together with Alternaria, Cladosporium spores are known to be potent aeroallergens and its concentrations in the air are strongly dependent on meteorological factors. There are many articles from different parts of the world about relationships between Cladosporium spore count and weather parameters. The aim of the study was to review all available publications about Cladosporium spores in the air and compare the results in a short, useful form.
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A 1-year aeromycological study was conducted in the area of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, in order to establish seasonal variations in the composition and concentration of aeromycota. Sampling was carried out at 3 locations: the city centre, the Pharmaceutical botanical garden and the mountain of Medvednica, at regular intervals using the Mas 100 Eco Air-sampler with Sabouraud-dextrose agar. Airborne fungi peaked during spring and summer (110–284 cfu/m3), while lower levels were detected in autumn and winter at each of the 3 sampling sites (6–128 cfu/m3). Significantly lower concentrations were found in Medvednica region (p<0.01) during most sampling periods. Yeasts were present in higher concentrations in autumn and winter (11–46 cfu/m3) than during spring and summer (9–11 cfu/m3) in the city centre and botanical garden. In the Medvednica region, yeasts were found at significantly lower concentrations than at other locations only during the autumn and winter (1–16 cfu/m3). The dominant fungi contributing to these differences were species of Cladosporium, Penicillium and Alternaria. These genera comprised between 30.4–79.5% of the samples. Other stable components of aeromycota were Fusarium, Aspergillus and sterile mycelia (11.1–44.0%). Total counts of airborne fungi as well as individual counts of Cladosporium and Alternaria showed significant positive correlations with temperature and solar radiation (p<0.05). Alternaria also showed a significant correlation with wind speeds while Cladosporium was negatively correlated with atmospheric pressure (p<0.05). Yeasts showed a significant positive correlation with relative humidity, yet were negatively correlated with temperature and solar radiation in the city centre and the botanical garden. In contrast, a significant positive correlation in the case of yeasts was observed in the Medvednica region with respect to temperature and solar radiation (p<0.05).
The concentration of Alternaria and Cladosporium spores was monitored throughout the year 2002 in Lublin (Eastern Poland). Fungal spores were sampled with Lanzoni VPPS 2000 volumetric spore trap. The total annual spore concentrations of Alternaria and Cladosporium reached 30,880 and 865,254 spores/m3, respectively. The majority of Alternaria spores was collected between 17:00-20:00, whereas Cladosporium spores were caught between 9:00-10:00.
The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between meteorological conditions and Alternaria and Cladosporium spore concentrations in the air of Zagreb in August 2002 and August 2003. These months were chosen because they represented climatic extremes. A 7-day VPPS 2000 Hirst volumetric pollen and spore trap was used for spore sampling. Spores marked as 'others' (ascospores, basidiospores, Epicoccum, Ustilago, Pithomyces, Helminthosporium, Stemphylium, Torula, Botrytis, Didymella) were found to have predominated in the month of August in both 2002 and 2003 with 91.1% and 70.5%, respectively. Because of favourable weather conditions (higher air temperature and minimal precipitation) in August 2003, the concentrations of Alternaria and Cladosporium spores were 3.4-fold those recorded in the same month in 2002. Also, the peak daily concentrations of these spores were measured on days without precipitation and with higher air temperature. Intradiuranal variation in the Alternaria and Cladosporium spore concentrations was identical in 2002 and 2003 (lowest in 2-hour interval between 06:00-08:00, and highest between 10:00-12:00). In spite of the three-fold increase in the Cladosporium spore concentration in August 2003, the borderline concentration of 3,000 spores/m3 air that is associated with the occurrence of allergic reactions was only exceeded on a single day. Air concentration of Alternaria spores exceeded borderline value of 100 spores/m3 air on as many as 17 days, suggesting that at that time of the year the risk of allergic reaction was only present in individuals allergic to this spore type.
Przeprowadzono badania nad występowaniem grzybów strzępkowych w obiektach budowlanych na terenie miasta Opole. Określono skład ilościowy i jakościowy zarodników grzybów w powietrzu wewnętrznym oraz na powierzchni przegród budowlanych. Stwierdzono, że dominującą mikoflorą były grzyby z rodzajów: Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus i Acremonium.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki ilustrujące zanieczyszczenie powietrza przez bakterie mezofilne tlenowe, drożdże i grzyby strzępkowe w strefach wydzielonych według przeznaczenia, tj. oraz w obszarze sprzedaży i wydawania posiłków, w części konsumpcyjnej oraz na zapleczu gospodarczym. Badania wykonano metodą sedymentacyjną, w czterech terminach, a oznaczenia prowadzono w porze rannej i popołudniowej.
In 2006–2008, studies on occurrence of hyperparasites of Erysiphales pathogenic fungi to both cultivated and wild grown plants were carried out in the Lakeland of Bobolice. As a result of performed studies, 17 species of Erysiphales and 4 hyperparasite taxons were identified. The most commonly occurring hyperparasites were: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria sp. and Cladosporium sp., and they did not show any preference in relation to a host fungus species. However, the species Ampelomyces quisqualis showed a narrow range of host fungi, and was only identified on 8 species of Erysiphales. The most common host species fungus was Erysiphe cichoracearum, and A. quisqualis was found to parasite mycelium, conidia and occasionally young cleistothecia.
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This is a first part of work devoted highland rush endophytes: Penicillium expansum, Cladosporium oxysporum, Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei and Aureobasidium pullulans. The basidiomycete strain, possibly Lagarobasidium detriticum was also isolated.
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