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To date research on Chlamydia intracellular bacteria causing many diseases in animals and humans, has concentrated on Chlamydia sp. and Chlamydophila sp. pathogens forming the Chlamydiaceae family in the Chlamydia order. Recently, thanks to the techniques of molecular biology, the taxonomy of order for Chlamydiales has been extended to three new families: Parachlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae and Waddliaceae. Those families includes germs isolated as endosymbionts of protozoa, sludge, insects, isopods, fishes, bats, cattle and as cell culture contaminants. Environmental Chlamydia are included amongst those microorganisms and are considered to be potential pathogens of humans and animals.
Eukaryotes acquired the ability to process photosynthesis by engulfing a cyanobacterium and transforming it into a genuine organelle called the plastid. This event, named primary endosymbiosis, occurred once more than a billion years ago, and allowed the emergence of the Archaeplastida, a monophyletic supergroup comprising the green algae and plants, the red algae and the glaucophytes. Of the other known cases of symbiosis between cyanobacteria and eukaryotes, none has achieved a comparable level of cell integration nor reached the same evolutionary and ecological success than primary endosymbiosis did. Reasons for this unique accomplishment are still unknown and difficult to comprehend. The exploration of plant genomes has revealed a considerable amount of genes closely related to homologs of Chlamydiae bacteria, and probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Several studies have proposed that these transferred genes, which are mostly involved in the functioning of the plastid, may have helped the settlement of primary endosymbiosis. Some of these studies propose that Chlamydiae and cyanobacterial symbionts coexisted in the eukaryotic host of the primary endosymbiosis, and that Chlamydiae provided solutions for the metabolic symbiosis between the cyanobacterium and the host, ensuring the success of primary endosymbiosis. In this review, I present a reevaluation of the contribution of Chlamydiae genes to the genome of Archaeplastida and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this tripartite model for primary endosymbiosis.
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a physiological process which occurs during the cellular life cycle, and can also appear during an infection with microorganisms. In the infected cell this process can be treated as a peculiar “escape” of organism from the infection, but on the other hand it can be induced or inhibited, which enables pathogens, especially the intracellular ones, to survive. Bacteria of the order Chlamydiales are intracellular pathogens which can stimulate or inhibit the apoptosis of infected cells. In this paper we present the impact of infection with those bacteria on the apoptosis of mammal cells.
The spectrum of Chlamydia detected in swine is very wide and includes species belonging to the family Chlamydiaceae. Systematic research indicates a different participation of individual species in disease syndromes. Disease cases are most frequently ascribed to infections with Ch. trachomatis, Ch. suis, Ch. psittaci, Ch. abortus, Ch. pecorum, Ch. pneumoniae. The problem of infections related to the occurrence of Chlamydia is widespread and associated with a variety of disease symptoms resulting in significant economic losses. At present the diagnostics is carried out by the National Reference Laboratory PIW-PIB in Pu³awy, and the percentage of positive seroreagents in the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 amounted to 0.4%, 0.47% and 1.65%, respectively.
Bacteria from genera Chlamydia (Ch.) and Chlamydophila (Chi.) are very pathogenic and may infect humans and animals. They also may cause latent infection, especially in animals. In this paper we discuss the non-specific and specific cellular and humoral immunity in farm animals, after infection or immunisation with Chlamydia sp. and Chlamydophila sp. bacteria. It has been shown, that the infection or immunisation with the microorganisms influenced the activity of polimorphonuclear cells (PMN) and mononuclear cells (MN) in the process of phagocytosis. It has also been shown that the bacteria influenced the amount and activity of lysozyme, activities of myeloperoxidase and lysosomal enzymes. Infection or immunisation with the microorganisms was demonstrated to affect numbers of lymphocytes T and B and those of their subpopulation as well as the activity of cytokines and levels of scrum and secreted immunoglobulins. The changes were detected just a few hours after infection or immunisation and persisted for a few days to a few decades.
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