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In some families of large mammals (Cervidae, Bovidae, Canidae), we examined relationships between the various mating systems adopted and biochemical-genetic variation measured in terms of the mean proportion of polymorphic loci (P), mean heterozygosity (H) and derived coefficients, such as the ratio Pt:P and FIS. Our hypothesis was that genetic variability decreases as the degree of polygyny of the mating system adopted increases. Most of the data were in accordance with this prediction, but also some ambiguous results could be observed. Methodological and practical difficulties connected with our synoptical approach, such as the lack of comparability among most electrophoretic studies and the general scarcity of quantitative behavioural data are critically discussed.
The goal of this study was to measure the utility of 10 pairs of starter sequences described scientifically to amplify microsatellites in the genome of canines and measure the usefulness of the commercial set StockMarks® for Dogs Canine Genotyping Kit from Applied Biosystems company in individual identification. An additional goal is to check the feasibility of using the set to control the origin of species from Canidae familly. The tests were conducted on animals from three species: Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus), and Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), from which blood was drawn into sterile vacuum test-tubes with the anticoagulant EDTA from the saphena vein. DNA was isolated from the blood using QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, a set for isolating genetic material. The obtained products PCR were exposed to electrophoretic separation in the genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3100 Avant, then analyzed using the computer program Gene Mapper TM v. 3.5. The frequency of alleles was measured for all microsatellite loci. All calculations were performed using the statistical packet SAS - module SAS/GeneticsTM 9.1.3. The analysis of the microsatellite sequences (FHC 2010, FHC 2054, FHC 2079, PEZ1, PEZ20, PEZ12, PEZ3, PEZ5, PEZ6, PEZ8) in the population of the Arctic Fox, Red fox, and Raccoon Dog, indicates a high degree of polymorphism and high usefulness in the majority of tested microsatellite loci to control the origin of species and identification of specimen in fox and raccoon dog farms. Moreover, it has been confirmed that in many cases clear differences between the length of specific alleles indicates a potential use in identifying species.
Fragmentary long bone material from fossil Carnivora is rarely considered to support palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Here, we use morphometry of the radius in extant carnivorans of the dog family (Canidae) to reconstruct the palaeobiology of extinct canids from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (Bed I and II) and Koobi Fora, Kenya. We use radius mor-phometrics to predict adaptation to prey size and introduce a new method for quantifying canid habitat adaptations based on the geographic distributions of the extant species sampled. Linear Discriminant Function Analyses (DFA) and cluster neighbour-joining algorithms are employed to investigate radial morphometrics as described by 29 linear measurements. Results of our analyses suggest that a phylogenetic signal is present in radial morphometrics, even if it does not allow us to accurately discriminate among genera. A binary prey size categorisation of "small-medium" versus "large" prey can be more accurately predicted than a habitat categorisation scheme (Open, Mixed, Closed). The East African fossil specimens examined show morphometric affinities with the golden jackal (Canis aureus) and coyote (Canis latrans) and are likely attributable to the genus Canis. Fragmentary fossil specimens from Olduvai Gorge are predicted as habitat generalists (Open for Bed I and Mixed for Bed II) adapted for hunting small-medium prey, whereas the specimen from Koobi Fora was predicted as inhabiting mixed habitats and adapted for killing large prey. This study supports the inclusion of fossil Canidae in palaeoecological analyses attempting to clarify the palaeoenvironment of early hominin fossil sites.
The lowest part of the Monarch Mill Formation in the Middlegate basin, west-central Nevada, has yielded a middle Miocene (Barstovian Land Mammal Age) vertebrate assemblage, the Eastgate local fauna. Paleobotanical evidence from nearby, nearly contemporaneous fossil leaf assemblages indicates that the Middle Miocene vegetation in the area was mixed coniferous and hardwood forest and chaparral-sclerophyllous shrubland, and suggests that the area had been uplifted to 2700–2800 m paleoaltitude before dropping later to near its present elevation of 1600 m. Thus, the local fauna provides a rare glimpse at a medium- to high-altitude vertebrate community in the intermountain western interior of North America. The local fauna includes the remains of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and 25 families of mammals. Carnivorans, the focus of this study, include six taxa (three of which are new) belonging to four families. Canidae are represented by the borophagine Tomarctus brevirostris and the canine Leptocyon sp. indet. The earliest record and second North American occurrence of the simocyonine ailurid Actiocyon is represented by A. parverratis sp. nov. Two new mustelids, Brevimalictis chikasha gen. et sp. nov. and Negodiaetictis rugatrulleum gen. et sp. nov., may represent Galictinae but are of uncertain subfamilial and tribal affinity. The fourth family is represented by the felid Pseudaelurus sp. indet. Tomarctus brevirostris is limited biochronologically to the Barstovian land mammal age and thus is consistent with the age indicated by other members of the Eastgate local fauna as well as by indirect tephrochronological dates previously associated with the Monarch Mill Formation. Actiocyon parverratis sp. nov. extends the temporal range of the genus Actiocyon from late Clarendonian back to the Barstovian. The Eastgate local fauna improves our understanding of mammalian successions and evolution, during and subsequent to the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (~14–17 Ma).
Thirty-four helminth species were obtained from the helminthological analysis of 399 foxes in the Iberian Peninsula. The species found were classified into three groups. Uncinada stenocephala, Eucoleus aerophilus and Pearsonema plica were classified as core species. The secondary species included Mesocestoides spp., Taenia polyacantha, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara canis, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, Pterygodermatites affinis and Physaloptera sibirica. The remainder, including Alaria alata, Brachylaima sp., Metorchis bilis, Opistliorchis felineus, Taenia crassiceps, T. hydatigena, T. taeniaeformis, T. pisiformis, Echinococcus granulosus, Joyeuxiella pasqualei, J. echinorhynchoides, Diplopylidium noelleri, Aonchotheca putorii, Trichuris vulpis, Dirofilaria immitis, Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma caninum, Vigisospirura potekhinae, Molineus patens, M. legerae, Spirocerca lupi, Mastophorus maris and Macracanthorhynchus catulinus were considered as satellite species. A significantly high prevalence of trematodes was found in certain peninsular areas. The most prevalent and abundant cestodes were Mesocestoides spp. Nematodes were the most numerous set of species encompassing several of the most prevalent species. The findings of A. putorii and V. potekhinae constitute new host records for Vulpes vulpes, in the Iberian Peninsula (in the case of the capillariid) and in its entire geographical range (in the case of the spirurid). D. noelleri is also reported for the first time as parasitizing foxes in Europe. The majority of the species found are host generalists and have indirect life cycles. The richness of the helminth community seems to be strongly influenced by the broadness of the alimentary spectrum in different peninsular areas.
By using body measurements and weight data of culpeo fox Dusicyon culpaeus Molina, 1782 and chilla fox D. griseus Gray, 1837 from the Chinchilla National Reserve (north-central Chile) and Torres del Paine National Park (southern Chile), the body size distribution of Chilean foxes was analyzed and compared to data previously published by Fuentes and Jaksic (1979). Contrary to those authors, our data show that not only the larger but both species increase in size in southern Chile. Thus, latitudinal size distribution of D. culpaeus and D. griseus may not be the result of character displacement through exploitation competition, as previously interpreted, but of bioenergetic adaptations.
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