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Immunologically active polysaccharide fractions of M.Wt. (1 — 4)-104 daltons were isolated from neutral, alkaline or acidic water extracts of Caltha palustris L. They were characterized using chemical analyses, IR and 13C NMR spectra. Immunomodulatory effect was estimated in vitro in granulocyte activation, lymphocyte activation and lymphocyte mitogenic tests.
Biological activity screening of fractions isolated from polysaccharide rich Caltha palustris herb extract proved that the applied extraction and fractionation procedures (5) led to the separation of the biologically active compounds into stimulatory and inhibitory fractions in the aspect of their effect upon the proliferative potential of human lymphocytes in culture and the granulocyte activation. Also the fraction which markedly inhibited the proliferation rate of human leukemic cell line in vitro was distinguished.
The karyology of representatives of morphologically differentiated taxa within the Caltha palustris complex was studied. Examination of plants from ten populations of C. palustris subsp. palustris from Poland indicated the domination of somatic chromosome numbers 2n = 32 and 56, with 2n = 32 and 56 for var. palustris, 2n = 56 for var. radicans and 2n = 56 for var. cornuta. C. palustris subsp. laeta from the Tatra Mts. had chromosome number 2n = 62. Mixoploidy was characteristic of the material, with a range of euploid and aneuploid chromosome numbers from 2n = 25 to 2n = 94. Only three plants (from Mrzeżyno, Duninowo and Olkusz) uniformly had 2n = 32. Detailed biometric analyses seem to point to the lack of a simple relation between karyological and morphological variability in representatives of the C. palustris complex occurring in Poland.
The results of variability analysis of basal leaf epidermis stomata in the Caltha palustris L. complex are presented. Stoma length and width were measured in material from 17 Polish localities. In C. palustris subsp. laeta the stomata are clearly elongated and bigger (mean length 56.52 ± 8.41 µm) than those of subsp. palustris (mean length 46.80 ± 6.73 µm). Within the latter subspecies, in the sample determined as var. radicans they are only slightly longer (mean length 51.46 ± 5.46 µm) than wide (mean width 46.20 ± 5.25 µm), while in var. comuta they are distinctly longer (mean length 52.45 ± 5.17 µm) than wide (mean width 45.00 ± 3.86 µm); both, however, are more circular than in subsp. laeta.
The paper presents results of biosystematic analysis of the critical group of Caltha palustris L. based on 71 populations from Poland. After a preliminary statistical analysis, fourteen morphological characters (nine quantitative and five qualitative), describing size and shape of basal leaves and mature follicles as well as stem morphology, were selected for the clearest differentiation of the complex. Several groups of morphotypes were distinguished within the complex, based on the statistical analysis of this group of characters. Against this background the taxonomy of the complex is proposed. Two species - Caltha laeta Schott, Nyman and Kotschy and Caltha palustris L. - and three subspecies within C. palustris (C. p. subsp. palustris, C. p. subsp. cornuta (Schott, Nyman and Kotschy) Hegi and C. p. subsp. radicans (T.F. Forst.) Syme, were distinguished in Poland. The status of the taxa within the Polish flora is defined. The paper includes also a key for determination of the complex taxa, as well as their detailed descriptions.
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