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In Poland, the Aesculapian snake, critically endangered at the edge of its European range, inhabits the lower parts of the Bieszczady Mts. in the SE of the country. This research, carried out between 2009 and 2014, included fieldwork in areas selected on the basis of historical literature data and the results of interviews. 51 breeding mounds were deployed at historical and potential sites of this snake's occurrence on the forested area of 220,886 ha as a supportive tool for detecting these reptiles. The 371 records of the Aesculapian snake obtained are displayed on maps showing its historical distribution in two periods (1958–1989 and 1995–1998) for comparison. Most records were collected in the centre of the species' range in the Bieszczady Mts. Most of the breeding mounds (17 out of 29) in this area were colonized by the snake, whereas only two sites were colonized in the outside. The results show that the Aesculapian snake's range in the Bieszczady Mts has been shrinking. However, most current single records outside the species' centre of occurrence are from localities close to its historical range; this suggests that relict populations may be surviving there. The proportion of records on the breeding mounds grew in consecutive years. This suggests that breeding mounds deployed near the snake's existing localities may be a useful tool for monitoring endangered oviparous snakes and their active conservation.
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Mycena romagnesiana collected in the Bieszczady Mts

86%
Mycena romagnesiana described by Maas Geesteranus (1991), is reported from two localities in Bieszczady Mts (SE Poland). Macro- and micromorphological description supplemented with the author’s observations of the dry material and its colour picture are given. Drawings of microcharacters and distribution map of species in Europe are provided.
Small mammals were trapped in 12 habitats in 2002 and 2003. In all, 56 individuals of 9 species were caught in 2002, and 751 individuals of 11 species – in 2003. Insectivora communities did not differ statistically significantly in the two consecutive years (trappability index = number of individuals caught/trap-nights number Wo2002 = 1.26%; Wo2003= 0.72%; p<0.01), whereas the Rodentia community differed significantly (Wo2002 = 3.15; Wo2003‘03 = 30.88 p<0.03). In both years, the most numerous among the animals trapped were A. flavicollis and C. glareolus among rodents and S. araneus among insectivores, dominating in almost all habitats. The least diverse group was that of beech forest and alder wood ecotone (Simpson’s dominance index c=0.72 and 0.80 in 2002, and 0.50 and 0.53 in 2003).
The diet of the otter Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) was studied in the Bieszczady Mts (south-east Poland), at four locations situated on the small rivers from October 1987 to June 1989. In ail, 379 samples of spraints were analysed and 1687 animals preyed upon belonging to various systematic groups were identified. Frequency analysis indicated that most of the prey was fish (63.4%) with insects contributing 20.2% and amphibians 14.5%. Among fish the most frequently occurring were Phoxinus phoxinus (frequency - 15.0%), Cottus sp. (14.4%) and Noemacheilus barbatulus (9.0%). Relatively low frequencies were found for Salmo trutta (5.7%) and Thymallus thymallus (3.1%). Percentage analysis indicated that most of the diet comprised fishes (73.2% of biomass) and much less amphibians (26.8%). Among fish species S. trutta dominated (42.4% of all biomass) over Coitus sp. (10.2%) and N. barbatulus (3.9%).
The diet of wolves Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 was studied from October 1989 to November 1992 in the Bieszczady Mountains, southeastern Poland. A total of 221 wolf scats were collected and analyzed to determine the prey species consumed by wolves in each season. Cervids (red and roe deer) obviously predominated in wolf diet and consisted from 65% of winter biomass to 96% of summer biomass consumed. The red deer made up approximately 95% and roe deer only 5% of total cervid biomass con­sumed. During summer deer fawns made up 28% of total cervid biomass consumed. The wild boar constituted more significant food only during winter - 17% of biomass eaten. Among wild boars, piglets were selected and made up 66% of total wild boar biomass consumed during winter. Domestic livestock represented more significant food in winter (16% of biomass eaten) and was consumed as carrion laid out by hunters to bait wolves. Other food categories as hares, voles and insectivores played a negli­gible part in the wolf diet. Spring, summer and autumn diet were little diversified. Only winter diet differed significantly from other seasons for the presence of wild boar and cervids.
Bieszczady Mountains of Poland. Acta theriol. 37: 339 - 344. The diet of brown bear Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 in the autumn of 1990 and the spring of 1991 was studied by the analysis of faeces contents (46 samples, 23 from autumn and 23 from spring). Based on frequency of occurrence of food items in individual faeces, the autumn diet of bears was more diverse than the spring diet. We calculated for each food item frequency percent (F%), dry weight percent (W%) and Importance Value (IV%). Beech Fagus silvatica nuts were the most important food during both spring and autumn (36.9% IV in autumn and 78.5% IV in spring). Carrion, used as a bait by hunters, and foodstuffs from game-feeding stations (maize, oats, beets) also appeared to be a significant part of the bears' diet.
Between 1997 and 2000, necropsies of the abomasum and the first one-meter fragment of the duodenum of 40 wild ruminants (13 bison, 18 red deer, and 9 roe deer) were carried out in the Bieszczady Mountains. A total of 17 species of nematodes were found. Twelve of these species infected the bison (b), 9 the red deer (d), and 8 the roe deer (r). The species are as follows: Bunostomum trigonocephalum (r), Trichostrongylus axei (b), T. vitrinas (b), T. capricola (b, r), T. askivali (d), Ostertagia ostertagi (b, d), O. lyrata (b), O. leptospicularis (b, d, r), O. kolchida (b, d, r), Spiculopteragia boehmi (b, d, r), S. mathevossiani (d, r), Cooperia surnabada (b), C. pectinata (b, d), Ashworthius sidemi (b, d, r), Nematodirus roscidus (d), N. europaeus (r) and Aonchotheca bilobata (b). This study noted T. vitrinas for the first time in the bison. It was found that the gastrointestinal nematode fauna of the bison in Bieszczady has changed considerably with the adoption of 6 species presumably from red deer and roe deer. The introduction of the bison into this biotope, on the other hand, has not affected the gastrointestinal nematode fauna of the red deer and roe deer.
A pattern of wolfCanis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 predation on red deerCervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 was studied in Bieszczady Mountains in 1991–2002. In total 324 remains of red deer > 4 months old, killed by wolves throughout the year, were found. The sex, age and bone marrow fat content of wolf kills were compared with the same characteristics within the free living red deer population. The overall contribution of calves killed by wolves (24%) in October-May was higher than in the population (17%), and decreased from autumn to spring. Adult males were more vulnerable to wolf predation than adult females: stags constituted 62% and hinds 38% of adult red deer killed by wolves, whereas in the population, the percentages were 37 and 63%, respectively. Stags killed by wolves were younger (ˉx=4.1 years old) than hinds (ˉx=8.9 years old). Wolves killed more > 8 years old hinds and < 5 years old stags than available in the population. In wolf kills, the average fat content in femur marrow was higher among hinds (84.9%) than stags (69.3%) and calves (66.1%). Only 8% of hinds had < 70% femur marrow fat content, whereas 40% of calves and 38% of stags had marrow fat values below that level. Marrow fat content showed seasonal variation and was the lowest in March among all sex-age classes. The monthly share of stags in all kills, and hinds in hind-calf part of the sample was negatively correlated with their monthly average bone marrow fat content, and monthly share of calves was positively correlated with monthly average bone marrow fat content of adults. The segregation of social units (hind-calf and stag groups), except during the rutting season, and the low fat reserves of males from midwinter until spring contribute to the high overall incidence of calves and adult males and the relatively low incidence of adult females among wolf kills.
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