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A comparative morphological and anatomical study on the petioles and lamina of 22 taxa (species, subspecies and cultivars) of the genus Philodendron (subgenera Meconostigma, Pteromischum and Philodendron) has been made in order to investigate interspecific differences which may be useful in species identification. All species have bifacial leaves with petioles, amphistomatic with a strongly reduced density of stomata on the adaxial leaf surface. The species differ in the size and shape of their epidermal cells, the distribution and types of stomata and cuticle ornamentation in the lamina, thickness of epicuticular layer, presence or absence of hypodermis, structure of spongy mesophyll, thickness of palisade and spongy mesophyll layers, as well as types of raphides, and in the structure and forms of petioles. A combination of these characters may be useful in species identification. This study shows that there is some variation in petiole and leaf morphological and anatomical characters among the 22 taxa of Philodendron. However, many characters are present in all of them and may be typical of the genus. The study revealed several detailed interesting epidermal and anatomical features that have not previously been reported in the genus.
We investigated the effects of sexual reproduction on vegetative propagation and relative somatic cost in Arum maculatum L. (Araceae). Two groups were selected as control and experimental. The spadices of individuals in experimental group were removed to test the relationship between sexual reproduction and vegetative propagation. Statistically significant differences were found between initial and final tuber weight in individuals with sexual organs removed. No significant differences were found between initial and final tuber weight in naturally reproducing (sexual organs not removed) individuals. However, the statistically significant differences were found between control and experimental group with respect to above-ground biomass but not in terms of below-ground biomass. The differences between two groups in terms of above-ground and below-ground nitrogen concentrations were also significant. Relative somatic cost of sexual reproduction (RSC) was observed in above-ground parts, but not in below-ground parts in terms of biomass and in both above- and below-ground parts in terms of nitrogen concentration.
The type and distribution (locations) of calcium oxalate crystals in mature leaves of 19 taxa of Philodendron (subgenera Meconostigma, Pteromischum and Philodendron) were studied. The calcium oxalate crystals were mainly found in the form of raphides, druses, styloids and prisms. The leaves of Philodendron demonstrate the presence of five distinctive raphide crystal types (biforine, thin-walled spindle-shaped, wide cells containing a wide raphide bundle, bundles of obliquely overlapping crystal and unmodified cells with either a single crystal needle or their cluster). Styloids and druses were found in all taxa at varying frequencies. Simple prisms and variations in crystal forms were most frequently observed in the ground tissue in petioles and midribs. This study represents additional data concerning calcium oxalate crystals in Philodendron.
In Calla palustris L. (Araceae) the anther tapetum (AT) of the amoeboid type occurs. Till the stage of I telophase in pollen mother cells (PMCs), the AT of this species has a cellular character. In premeiotic stage and during 1 meiotic division in PMCs, the differentiation of the AT is accompanied by two mitotic divisions which do not occur in all tapetal cells (TCs). The first mitosis may be acytokinetic resulting in the formation of a number of binucleate TCs. The nuclei of ca 40% TCs remain on the diploid level. Polyploidization of the nuclei in uni- and binucleate TCs is mainly connected with inhibition of mitoses at prophase. As a result, in the majority of the TCs the polyploid nuclei of regular shape arise. The polyploidization may be due also to nuclear restitution or fusion of chromosome groups at metaphase and anaphase which leads to the formation of nuclei of irregular outlines. The dissolution of the cell walls in the TCs begins already at the end of I prophase in PMCs. The fusion of the protoplasts is accomplished at the tetrad stage and the periplasmodium intruding the anther loculus is formed. At the tetrad stage in the AT of C. palustris three volume classes of the nuclei corresponding to the diploid, tetraploid and octoploid levels were distinguished.
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