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The degradation of chlorophyll a (Chl a), carotenoids and phycobiliproteins, and the fluorescence responses of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum Bhar. were studied with short exposure (45 min-30 hours) to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin by taking 20 μM and 50 μM of the chemical as treatment concentrations. There was significant reduction in Chl a, carotenoids and phycobiliprotein contents of cells in each of the selected concentrations of the insecticide. Pheophytin a and fluorescing and non-fluorescing chlorophyll catabolites (FCCs and NCCs) were produced as degradation products of Chl a during the exposure period. The amount of the degradation products gradually decreased with prolonged exposure of the cells to the insecticide. The pattern of degradation of carotenoids was similar to that of Chl a but the rate of degradation was less than for Chl a. The amount of lycopene also continuously decreased with increase of the insecticide concentration. There was gradual reduction of cellular phycocyanin and phycoerythrin contents of cells with rapid degradation during the first 6 hours of treatment. The fluorescence emission of phycobilisomes and photosystem II decreased with increased concentrations of insecticide and prolongation of treatment. The cyanobacterium did not show any recovery from insecticide stress during 30 hours of exposure.
Azolla filiculoides Lam. jest paprotką wodną współżyjącą z azot-wiążącą sinicą Anabaena, która budzi zainteresowania ze względu na możliwość jej wykorzystania w postaci nawozu zielonego. Azolla stała się obiektem badań na całym świecie. Wiedza na temat fizjologicznych i ekologicznych czynników wpływających na wzrost paproci jest istotna w badaniach przyrodniczych ukierunkowanych na jej praktyczne stosowania. Celem tej pracy było zbadanie w warunkach kontrolowanych wpływu różnych form azotu na jego właściwości oksydoredukcyjne (Eh) i przyrost biomasy Azolli, Stwierdzono, że optymalny zakres potencjału redoks wzrostu Azolli zawiera się w przedziale 550-600 mV, a pobór formy azotu azotanowego w podłożu wydaje się być preferowany przez paprotkę w stosunku do azotu wiązanego z atmosfery prze sinicę Anabaenę.
Long-lasting cyanobacterial blooms were observed over summer periods 2001–2003 in the highly eutrophic dam reservoir (Zemborzycki Reservoir near Lublin, SE Poland) loaded with nitrogen and phosphorus by the river Bystrzyca. Chlorophyll a content and water transparence reached in summer periods 2002–2003 average values 115–129 µg l⁻¹ and 0.5 m, respectively. The blooms consisted of eight taxa of Cyanobacteria occurring in different proportions: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Anabaena circinalis, Anabaena spiroides, Anabaena flos-aquae, Planktothrix agardhii, Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis viridis, Microcystis wesenbergii. At decreased average water temperature and increased concentration of dissolved ammonium-nitrogen in summer 2003, compared with two earlier years, a replacement of dominant Aph. flos-aquae to P. agardhii was observed. The total abundance of potential microcystin producers was positively correlated with the content of these hepatotoxins in the reservoir water. First time in Poland, mass occurrence of Anabaena strains producing anatoxin-a was observed. Anatoxin-a concentration in the reservoir water was positively correlated with total abundance of 3 taxa of Anabaena. It was no such correlation with Aph. flos-aquae.
The investigation of phytoplankton in Lake Żarnowiec was carried out prior to, in the course of construction, and after starting operation of the pumped-storage power station. On the basis of analysis of the developmental dynamics and dominance structure of species, the range and degree of derangement in the functioning mechanism of this community were demonstrated.
The occurence of toxic freshwater blooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) has been reported in many countries. These toxic water blooms have caused the deaths of domestic animals and wildlife. Cyanobacteria may produce acute toxins such as hepatotoxic peptides (microcystins, nodularins and cylindrospermopsin) and neuro-toxic alkaloids (anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), homoanatoxin and aphanotoxins). Very important toxins are microcystins (MCYST) with high biological activities and wide distribution all over the world. They have been produced by Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Anabaena and Nostoc. All MCYST can play the role of tumor-promoting activators. This paper for the first time presents results showing the presence of microcystin hepatotoxin in Polish lakes and drinking water.
The main goal of this study was to determine the distribution of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in 39 selected Polish water bodies. From the water bodies with blooms and also from those in which blooms were not visible 87 samples were investigated. For the first time samples from ponds localized in villages with high agricultural activities were included. Lakes for which microcystin concentrations had been determined before were included as a reference for the research. The detection of cyanobacteria was conducted by microscopic observation as well as by PCR amplification of the rpoC1 gene fragment. Cyanobacteria were present in 75 out of 87 samples. The presence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria was detected by amplification of the mcyB and mcyE genes, which are involved in the biosynthesis of microcystins. Both genes were detected in 7 out of 9 blooms investigated. In the case of samples collected from water bodies in which blooms were not observed, the mcyB and mcyE genes were detected in 20 out of 36. In order to identify the cyanobacteria occurring in selected reservoirs, 16S plus ITS clone libraries were constructed. The method allowed distinguishing 18 different genotypes. After sequence analysis, cyanobacteria belonging to genera Microcystis, Planktothrix, Anabaena, Pseudanabaena, Synechocystis, Synechococcus and Woronichinia were identified. Results confirmed the usefulness of the rpoC1 and mcy genes for monitoring water bodies and detection of potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Application of molecular markers allowed detecting potentially toxic cyanobacteria before the bloom was visible. This is the first comprehensive study concerning cyanobacteria present in different types of Polish water bodies performed using molecular markers.
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