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This study assessed the effects of different doses of ethephon and gibberellin A3 on germination and α- and β-amylase activity in Amaranthus caudatus seeds exposed to different levels of salt stress. NaCl at 25 and 50 mM only delayed germination; at 75, 100 and 125 mM it caused 50%, 90% and 99.5% inhibition of Amaranthus caudatus seed germination. Both ethephon and GA3 (0.01, 0.1, 0.3 mM) effectively counteracted inhibition of seed germination under salinity. The stimulatory effect of ethephon appeared earlier, and the seeds were more sensitive to ethephon than to GA3. Ethephon enabled seed germination in the presence of all NaCl concentrations (75, 100, 125 mM) even after 24 h. GA3 alleviated inhibition caused by 75 and 100 mM NaCl until 48 h and did not affect reduction of germination caused by NaCl at 125 mM. NaCl (100 mM) reduced α- and β-amylase activity and seed germination after 14 h, and enhanced α-amylase activity after 20 h, although germination was reduced. Ethephon and GA3 increased α- but not β-amylase activity under salt stress during the first 14 h of incubation
Szarłat, inaczej amarantus lub amarant, znany był do tej pory w naszym kraju jedynie jako chwast i roślina ozdobna rosnąca w ogrodach. Od 1989 r. w Katedrze Fizjologii Roślin SGGW w Warszawie prowadzone są kompleksowe badania nad fizjologią, aklimatyzacją i użytkowaniem tej rośliny (1, 2). Zainteresowanie uprawą szarłatu wynika z faktu, że jego nasiona i liście odznaczają się dobrą wartością odżywczą i mogą być wykorzystane w żywieniu ludzi i zwierząt.
The impact of puffing on nutritional composition and phenolic profiles of kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L.) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was investigated. Popped kiwicha showed increased protein and lipid contents and lower contents of carbohydrates compared to the untreated grains. Higher lipid, ash and carbohydrates contents and a decreased protein content were observed after puffing of quinoa. Fatty acid profile and ω-6/ω-3 ratio was not affected by puffing, although it was observed a healthier ratio in quinoa (7:1) compared to kiwicha (65:1). Thermal treatment reduced essential amino acid contents and protein quality of both grains, although amino acids content remained adequate according to FAO/WHO requirements for adults. puffing decreased hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids content of both pseudocereals. Flavonoid levels were negatively affected by puffing in kiwicha while a noticeable increase was observed in popped quinoa. In summary, puffing of kiwicha and quinoa grains is an alternative processing method to obtain expanded products or precooked flours of adequate nutritional value.
Amaranthus caudatus L. seed germination was studied under different levels of water deficit induced by PEG 6000 in laboratory conditions. PEG at osmotic potentials -0.2 to -0.3 MPa at 24°C in darkness delayed germination and reduced final germination percentage. PEG solutions at osmotic potential lower than -0.3 MPa almost totally blocked seed germination. Ethephon was much more effective than GA3 in reversing PEG-caused inhibition of A. caudatus seed germination. PEG decreased α-amylase activity after 14 h incubation. It decreased β-amylase activity after 14 and 20 h, and caused an increase in total dehydrogenase activity only after 20 h of incubation. Unlike GA3, ethephon increased α-amylase activity in seeds after 12 and 14 h of incubation under water deficit. After 20 h of incubation there was no difference in α-amylase activity in any of the treatments. Neither ethephon nor GA3 affected the activity of β-amylase and dehydrogenase.
In the years 1996-1997 the experiments were carried out on methods to investigate seed vigour of tassel flower (Amaranthus caudatus L.), sand pink (Dianthus chinensis L.), babies' breath (Gypsophila elegans M.R), sweet pea (Lathyrus odorathus L.), African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jasq.). The main goals of this research were to specify conditions for accelerated ageing (AA) of the seeds of a few selected ornamental plant species and to choose the most appropriate methods for their seed vigour evaluation in the laboratory and greenhouse conditions. All used in the experiments seeds came from the commercial seed lots from Polish seed company. Evaluation was carried out on the seed samples with high and low vigour. The latter ones were received through subjecting the seed samples to AA, i.e. by placing them in 100% relative humidity (RH) at 44°C, except African marigold - at 42°C, in the darkness and keeping them for 144, 88, 100,48,72 and 72 hours, respectively. The tested seed vigour estimated methods included the Germ' s method, the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazoilum chloride (TTC) method and the test of plant emergences in the greenhouse. The high vigour seeds sampies were used as a check. The Germ' s method was found to be useful to evaluate sand pink, babies' breath and African marigold seed vigour, whereas the TTC method was found to be suitable for vigour evaluation of sand pink, babies' breath and zinnia. At present stage of our knowledge about seed vigour, the plant emergences in the greenhouse method was found to be the best for evaluation of seed vigour of tassel flower, sand pink, babies' breath, sweet pea and zinnia. It is reasonable to combine a few methods of seed vigour evaluation for ornamental plant species.
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