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The morphology of the first lower molar (M1) of Microtus (Terricola) multiplex (Fatio, 1905) was compared amongst 15 populations from the Alps (Switzerland, Italy, France). M. multiplex orientalis from Trentino Alto Adige is close to the nominative subspecies M. multiplex multiplex from Ticino characterised by a great size, a not tilted pitymyan rhombus and an important development of the anterior part of the M1. M. multiplex druentius from Ubaye mainly differs from the nominative subspecies by a smaller tooth size. Populations from Valle d’Aosta and Piemonte show on the whole a morphology intermediate between M. m. multiplex and M. m. druentius subspecies, however, the pitymyan rhombus is more tilted and the development of the anterior part more reduced in populations from Eastern and Central Piemonte. The Western populations (from Trièvès, Vercors, Royans and Chambaran) belonging to the subspecies M. m. niethammeri are the most differentiated with a small or median size of the M1, a reduced development of the anterior part and a very tilted pitymyan rhombus, particularly in the population from Chambaran. The populations from Matheysine and Grésivaudan are morphologically a link between M. m. druentius and M. m. niethammeri subspecies.
Furcophyllia is an unusual coral with septa regularly splitting into branching sets called septal brooms. This pattern of septal apparatus is so alien to scleractinians, that, despite a trabecular microstructure of septa resembling that of the Scleractinia, the genus was originally ascribed to a rare group of corals informally referred to as sleractiniamorphs, previously known from the Ordovician and Permian. Genus Furcophyllia emerged together with corals of several groups, after the post−Permian crisis diversification of skeletonized anthozoans, some of them markedly differing in their skeletal features from typical Scleractinia. So far, the genus was represented by middle Carnian Furcophyllia septafindens from the Dolomites, in the Southern Alps. Here, we report Furcophyllia shaitanica sp. nov. from limestone boulders found in the volcano−clastic deposits of the upper Ladinian Šajtan suite of the South Eastern Pamirs. A new species of Furcophyllia signifies that the genus was a faunal element widely distributed in the Tethys.
The M,-morphology of seven isolated populations of voles displaying a pitymyan rhombus from the Eastern Alps (including the probably extinct Microtus bavaricus) was compared with that of M. multiplex, M. liechtensteini, and M. tatricus as well as among each other, by using discriminant and canonical discriminant analyses. The genera! morphometry of the M, and the analysis of the Mj parameters show these populations to be related to M. liechtensteini and multiplex, more closely to liechtensteini but not in complete accordance with comparative liechtensteini-material from Slovenia and Croatia. The seven samples show a remarkable variation between each other that cannot be associated with their respective geographic provenance. They can be classified into three groups, one consisting of M. bavaricus only, one of true liechtensteini (Carinlhia and Eastern Tyrol) and a third represented by a sample of the upper Enns valley in Styria, characterized by a very aberrant M, morphology. Naturhistorisches Museum, P.O. Box 417, A-1014 Wien, Austria (PS, KB); Biogéo- sciences UMR CNRS 5561 et Laboratoire de Paléobiodiversité et Préhistoire de l'EPHE, Centre des sciences de la Terre, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, F 21000 Dijon, France (PB-L); Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, PL 31-016 Kraktiw, Poland (AN)
The study analyses the intestinal helminth communities found in 645 red foxes of alpine populations from five areas of Northern Italy. In particular, the aim was to evaluate the contribution of both environmental variability and the structure of fox population (extrinsic and intrinsic factors, respectively) in shaping the structure and composition of the intestinal helminth communities. To identify the influence of the characteristics of the host (i.e. age and sex) together with extrinsic factors (year, site, season, and altitude of collection) on number of species, total load per fox, prevalence and abundance of each parasite species, general linear models were performed. Fifteen helminth species have been detected in the intestine of 545 infected animals (84.5%) with a total of 17,144 parasites collected. The analysis of factors influencing both prevalence and abundance of infection of the parasite species revealed the preponderance of extrinsic factors on intrinsic ones. In particular, geographical areas influenced prevalence and abundance of every parasite species, showing high spatial variability. The lower influence of host factors may suggest that, in this case, host dynamics play a trivial role with respect to spatial variability in determining parasite abundance. These results pointed out high prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in the Italian Alpine fox, confirmed the typical composition of parasite fauna within fox populations, underlined local differences in the structure and composition of the helminth communities. Moreover, this study highlights the major role of extrinsic factors vs intrinsic ones.
Asida christianperezi, new species from French Southern Alps is described and illustrated. To complete the description, ecological and biogeographical comments are given.
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