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Aura
|
2005
|
nr 08
23-26
The environmental protection system the USA, although very complex, is one of the more efficient in America. It is multifarious and comprises national parks, national forests, nature reserves, national recreation areas and many other. In Alaska, national parks cover vast areas. This is primarily due to sparse population and the abundance and variety of the wildlife. The author writes about the history of the park, its geological makeup, rivers and animal and plant life. The gold rush of the 19th century also gets a mention.
Aura
|
2003
|
nr 12
18-21
The Alaskan national parks and nature reserves cover a vast area. This is because of the size of the state and its small population and the abundance of fauna and flora. The Denali park covers some 24 thousand square kilometres and boasts Mount McKinley, the tallest peak in North America. The park has three areas, each with a different degree of nature protection: the nature reserve (ca. 20 percent), the national park (ca. 40 per cent) and strict reserve (ca. 40 percent) where even the Atabascs, the indigenous people, are not allowed to hunt. The article deals with the climate, fauna and flora of the park and Alaska generally.
Current hypotheses regarding the causes of population cycling of brown lemmingsLemmus trimucronatus (Richardson, 1828), developed during long-term studies from 1950–1974. We maintain that three factors largely determine the timing and amplitude of population cycles in brown lemmings. First, a basic interaction between lemmings and vegetation sets the stage because dense populations of lemmings severely damage the vegetation, at which point lemming populations decline and remain low until the vegetation recovers. Second, opportunistic predators, mainly jaegers and owls, assemble as the snow melts during peak years and drive already declining populations to extremely low densities. Weasels are effective predators under the snow, but they appear irregularly. If weasel populations increase early in the cycle, lemming populations that normally increase dramatically during the winter in a peak year can be decimated before the snow melts. Finally, both wet summers that result in extensive flooding of the preferred habits of lemmings and freezing rains or winter thaws that cause ice formation reduce food availability, disrupt the cycle and extend the period between peak densities. Numerous observations, experimental results and simulation models support these views. Similar results regarding the importance of the available food supply, particularly in winter, and of the predation regime also have been reported for arvicoline populations at lower latitudes.
Three new and a known species of Aporcelaimus are reported and described from Alaska, all belonging to the smaller representatives (3 to 5 mm) of the genus. A. boreus sp. nov. resembles A. superbus (de Man, 1880), but it differs by longer spear and spicula, and number and arrangement of male supplements. A. brzeskii sp. nov. differs from species having some of the supplements within the range of spicula by longer body and much longer spicula. A. femineus sp. nov. is characterized by arrangement of pharyngeal gland nuclei, mammillated egg shells and lack of sperm in uterus of gravid females. A. conicaudatus Altherr, 1953 is redescribed, and its taxonomic position discussed. A list of the know terrestrial nematode species in Alaska is added.
Aura
|
2007
|
nr 10
10-11
In one of the lectures on the environmental economy the author explains how damage to the nature is valued. He uses the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill near Alaska in 1989, resulting in huge damage to the Arctic nature, as an example.
Aura
|
2002
|
nr 01
20-22
National parks in Alaska occupy extensive areas. It is due to the size of the state itself, small population, and, above all, due to the diversity and abundance of the wildlife there. The park is located at the head of the Alaska Peninsula Katmai, on Shelikof Strait. Its area covering ca 16 000 square kilometers amounts to 5% of Poland’s area. The article presents the history of the park, its geological structure (volcanoes) and wildlife.
We examined 49 Sorex cinereus, 25 S. tundrensis, 15 S. hoyi, two S. monticolas, two S. ugyunak, 19 Microtus pennsylvanicus, 45 M. oeconomus, 60 M. miurus, 13 Clethrionomys rutilas, six Synaptomys borealis collected from central and northern Alaska in August 2000 for blood parasites. Bartonella sp. was found in blood smears of 2% of S. cinereus, and Trypanosoma sp. in blood smears of 7% M. oeconomus. Meronts of Hepatozoon sp. were detected in lungs of 2% of M. oeconomus and 1.5% of M. miurus. Of possible vectors of blood parasites, species of fleas collected included Amalaraeus dissimilis dissimilis from M. miurus, Peromyscopsylla ostsibirica from S. tundrensis and M. oeconomus, and Corrodopsylla curvata curvata from S. cinereus.
The Liscomb bonebed in the Price Creek Formation of northern Alaska has produced thousands of individual bones of a saurolophine hadrosaurid similar to Edmontosaurus; however, the specific identity of this taxon has been unclear, in part because the vast majority of the remains represent immature individuals. In this study, we address the taxonomic status of the Alaskan material through a comparative and quantitative morphological analysis of juvenile as well several near adult-sized specimens with particular reference to the two known species of Edmontosaurus, as well as a cladistic analysis using two different matrices for Hadrosauroidea. In the comparative morphological analysis, we introduce a quantitative method using bivariate plots to address ontogenetic variation. Our comparative anatomical analysis reveals that the Alaskan saurolophine possesses a unique suite of characters that distinguishes it from Edmontosaurus, including a premaxillary circumnarial ridge that projects posterolaterally without a premaxillary vestibular promontory, a shallow groove lateral to the posterodorsal premaxillary foramen, a relatively narrow jugal process of the postorbital lacking a postorbital pocket, a relatively tall maxilla, a relatively gracile jugal, a more strongly angled posterior margin of the anterior process of the jugal, wide lateral exposure of the quadratojugal, and a short symphyseal process of the dentary. The cladistic analyses consistently recover the Alaskan saurolophine as the sister taxon to Edmontosaurus annectens + Edmontosaurus regalis. This phylogenetic assessment is robust even when accounting for ontogenetically variable characters. Based on these results, we erect a new taxon, Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis gen. et sp. nov. that contributes to growing evidence for a distinct, early Maastrichtian Arctic dinosaur community that existed at the northernmost extent of Laramidia during the Late Cretaceous.
The Cretaceous rocks of the Prince Creek Formation contain the richest record of polar dinosaurs found anywhere in the world. Here we describe a new species of horned dinosaur, Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum that exhibits an apomorphic character in the frill, as well as a unique combination of other characters. Phylogenetic analysis of 16 taxa of ceratopsians failed to resolve relationships between P. perotorum and other Pachyrhinosaurusspecies (P. canadensis and P. lakustai). P. perotorum shares characters with each of the previously known species that are not present in the other, including very large nasal and supraorbital bosses that are nearly in contact and separated only by a narrow groove as in P. canadensis, and a rostral comb formed by the nasals and premaxillae as in P. lakustai. P. perotorum is the youngest centrosaurine known (70–69 Ma), and the locality that produced the taxon, the Kikak−Tegoseak Quarry, is close to the highest latitude for recovery of ceratopsid remains.
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