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Methods of reintroducing Peregrine Falcons reared in captivity are divided into two kinds: 1) rearing in and flight from a nesting cage (artificial nest), and 2) intraspecific fostering or inter-specific cross-fostering with other species of raptors. The aim of the study described here was to transfer three Peregrine Falcon chicks to the nest of a Goshawk Accipiter gentilis and to compare the results with earlier experiments using this method. If the methodological assumptions defined in the study were complied with, all of the Peregrine chicks would be reared by the substitute parents - Goshawks - as their own young, and to the point where the young Peregrines were old enough to leave the nest area. This kind of reintroduction - of an ecological form which formerly nested in trees in forested ecosystems - was attempted successfully in 1994, and full photographic and cinematographic documentation of the effort was obtained.
Acta Ornithologica
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1997
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tom 32
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nr 2
191-200
Pluckings and prey remains of 1086 specimens of Goshawk prey colected during a whole year were examined. Prey items included almost all species of medium size birds (65 species) and mammals (6 species) occurring in the study area. Over 60% of the prey was captured in open areas, even though these amounted to less than 30% of total area. Diet composition and its diversity were changing between winter and the breeding season. Very small differences in the diet were found in comparison to data collected 36 years earlier from the same area. The main prey (over 50% both by number and by biomass) were the domestic pigeons, belonging to the bigest prey eaten by Goshawks completely and therefore the most efficient as food. High availability of this prey in Central Poland especially in early breeding period, confirmed by small difference between prey sizes of male and female, is a possible reason of high numbers of the Goshawk in this region.
Both the Buzzard and the Goshawk nested mainly in pines. The mean clutch size in the former was 2.8, in the latter 3.6 eggs per breeding pair. There were statistically significant differences in clutch sizes in the Buzzard in particular breeding seasons. The mean number of hatchlings was 2.3 in the Buzzard and 2.6 in the Goshawk. Brood losses were similar in both raptors —19% in the Goshawk and 24% in the Buzzard. The breeding success (the ratio of the number of fledglings to the clutch size) in the Buzzard was highest in clutches of 3 and 4 eggsy whereas in the Goshawk a similar level of success was achieved with smaller clutches (2 or 3 eggs). Only in the case of the Buzzard there were significant differences in clutch sizes and numbers of fledglings in the various years. In this species the mean number of fledglings was positively correlated with the rodent availability index in a given year. There was no such relationship between the abundance of prey items found in Goshawk nests and the number of fledglings. The correlation between the number of newly-fledged Buzzards and Goshawks in a given year could have been due to diet overlap between the two species.
Rozpoczęty w latach 70. i kontynuowany do dnia dzisiejszego monitoring ptaków szponiastych na terenie Nadleśnictwa Rogów pozwala śledzić trendy liczebności wybranych gatunków. Ostatnia całościowa inwentaryzacja przeprowadzona w latach 2001-2003 ujawniła znaczne zmiany liczebności myszołowa, jastrzębia i kruka. O ile wzrost zagęszczenia myszołowa i kruka pozostaje w zgodzie z ogólnokrajowym trendem liczebności tych gatunków to znaczny spadek zagęszczenia jastrzębia budzi niepokój i skłania do poszukiwań środowiskowych i/lub antropogenicznych przyczyn tych zmian.
Density and productivity of Common Buzzard and Goshawks populations were studied over a period of 11 breeding seasons in Central Poland. The mean densities of Buzzards and Goshawks were 1.73 and 1.63 pairs/10 km² of the whole area (105km²), respectively. Both studied species showed little variation of density during the study period. Breeding pairs constituted over 90% of all pairs recorded in the study area. Productivity of the Common Buzzard was greater than that of the Goshawk. Mean number of fledglings per statistical, breeding and successful pair were 1.67,1.78 and 2.34 in Buzzard, and 1.96, 2.08 and 2.76 in Goshawks. Between-year variation in number of fledglings was high in Buzzard population and moderate in Goshawks. Buzzard productivity was related to changes in food composition of this species, whereas in Goshawks no relationship between productivity and diet was found.
The population of Goshawks in Wigry National Park was studied in the years 1989-97. The number of breeding pairs nesting was in the range 8-11, giving a density of 6.0-7.3 (mean 6.7) per 100 km², or 8.0-11.0 (mean 9.5) per 100 km² of forest area. 69% of broods were successful, mean clutch size was 3.1 and the production of young was at 2.7 per successful pair or 1.9 per pair overall. Food taken in the breeding season was studied by collecting pellets and prey remains from nests and the ground beneath. Prey were identified from fragments of feathers, fur or bones, and food biomass estimated by multiplying the number of prey items of a given species by a mean mass. 1539 prey items with a total biomass of 332 kg were identified. Birds accounted for 94% of prey in terms of number of items and 92% in terms of biomass. The most frequent prey species were Jays Garrulus glandarius (19% of prey items), pigeons Columba spp. (18%), thrushes Turdus spp. (14%) and woodpeckers Picidae (6%). The greatest shares of biomass were taken by pigeons — 35%, Jays —16%, hens —15%, field corvids — 5% and hares Lepus sp. — 4%. The most significant influences on the diet composition of a given pair were distances from the forest edge and from villages. Birds nesting in the forest interior took less advantage of Feral Pigeons and hens as prey. An avifaunal count using a combined-variant cartographic method was followed by the use of Ivlev's selectivity index to assess the predation pressure exerted by Goshawks on wild species of bird. This revealed greatest selective preferences towards Jays, field corvids, woodpeckers and thrushes as prey.
Preferences of the Buzzard, Goshawk and Raven in choosing the trees for nesting were studied in northern part of the Augustów Forest (NE Poland) in 2014−2016 years. Study area is dominated by fresh and mixed fresh sites with Scots pine as a dominant species (86% of the forest area). Nests were searched in stands older than 60 years. We found 60 nests of Buzzard, 11 of Goshawk, and 31 of Raven. The diameter and the height of nest trees, the height of nest location, and length of tree crowns were measured. Diameter and height of surrounding trees were also determined. In total, 11 features of nest trees were assessed. For the location their nests, all analysed bird species preferred trees bigger and higher than neighbouring ones. The oldest stands (above 100 years old) were also preferred. The Raven built nests on trees average 139 years old, Goshawk – 119, while Buzzard – 109. Raven nested only on Scots pine, Goshawk on Norway spruce and Scots pine, while Buzzard on silver birch, Scots pine, European larch and Norway spruce. The Buzzard selected for nest trees growing in average distance about 1500 m from forest edge, while Goshawk and Raven preferred nest in a similar distance from the forest edge (707−783 m). Distance of the nests from forest road were similar for Buzzard and Goshawk – about 60 m, and in case Raven it was only 38 m. Raven chose for nesting old−growth islands located on forest edge, or even single old tree growing on plantation. The greatest plasticity in the nest location and habitat diversity was found for Buzzard. Both Goshawk and Raven had more precisely marked habitat and nest preferences.
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