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1

Esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acids - synthesis and infrared spectroscopy. Part II. sec-Alkyl esters

100%
Zelechowski K., Kielczewska A., Legocki J.
Pestycydy
|
2005
|
nr 3
7-20
2
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Effect of donor plant treatment with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the anther culture of hot Capsicum spp.

100%
Nowaczyk L., Nowaczyk P., Olszewska D., Niklas-Nowak A.
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
|
2015
|
tom 96
|
nr 1
3

Enantiomers of 2-butyl esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acids

84%
Zelechowski K., Krawczyk M., Legocki J.
Pestycydy
|
2006
|
nr 3-4
9-16
4
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Quantification of taxol by high-performance thin layer chromatography in Taxus wallichiana callus cultivated in vitro

84%
Mujib A., Tonk D., Gulzar B., Maqsood M., Ali M.
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
|
2020
|
tom 101
|
nr 4
5
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
Content available

Potential possibilities of the induction of European beech (Fagus sylvatica ) tissue cultures from various types of explants

84%
Hazubska-Przybyl T., Chmielarz P., Bojarczuk K.
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
|
2015
|
tom 96
|
nr 1
6

Dynamika zanikania i wiazania pozostalosci C-2,4-D w glebie

84%
Lewandowska A., Weymann P.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2001
|
tom 41
|
nr 2
566-569
7

The effectiveness of penetration of erythrocyte membrane by sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

84%
Bukowska B., Glowacki R., Michalowicz J., Bald E., Duda W.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2008
|
tom 17
|
nr 1
11-16
The effectiveness of penetration of erythrocyte membrane by sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was analyzed. The experiment was executed in a dependence on different doses of the herbicide and at different times of incubation of red blood cells with 2,4-D-Na. It is known that the main mechanism of detoxification of the cell from xenobiotics including 2,4-D is to bind them with proteins contained in blood plasma. In the case of exposure of blood to high doses of 2,4-D-Na, the unbound part of xenobiotics may penetrate into erythrocytes and change the activity of numerous parameters of the cells. The results obtained by the use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that 2,4-D-Na is adsorbed by erythrocytes of 5% haematocrite in the amount of ~1% of the initial concentration. Moreover, it was observed that 2,4-D-Na is capable of accumulating in erythrocyte’s membrane and haemolysate in the amounts of 0.15% and 1.23% of the initial concentration, respectively. It was also stated that penetration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid into erythrocytes is not associated with incubation time (the similar concentrations of 2,4-D-Na were detected after different incubation times of 0.5 to 3 hours); however, it was related with concentrations of the herbicide. We suggest that 2,4-D-Na was transported with concentration gradient in human erythrocytes.
8
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Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid pretreatment of Capsicum spp. donor plants on the anther culture efficiency of lines selected by capsaicinoid content

84%
Nowaczyk L., Nowaczyk P., Olszewska D., Niklas-Nowak A.
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
|
2015
|
tom 96
|
nr 2
9
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In vitro propagation of Althaea officinalis: the role of plant growth regulators in morphogenesis

84%
Mujib A., Pipal T., Ali M., Tonk D., Zafar N., Gulzar B.
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
|
2017
|
tom 98
|
nr 3
10

Toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - molecular mechanisms

84%
Bukowska B.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2006
|
tom 15
|
nr 3
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a herbicide commonly used in agriculture. The residues of 2,4-D are present in air, water, soil and edibles. It constitutes a real hazard for human and animal health as numerous accidents of poisoning deaths caused by this herbicide have been reported. However, the molecular mechanism of its action is still unknown. The point of view concerning the toxic action of 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid has been evolving from decades and now it is considered that 2,4-D also induces free radical reactions that lead to numerous unbeneficial changes in tissues. The increases of free radical levels cause DNA damage and thus cell death (in apoptotic process). It is also suggested that 2,4-D causes cell apoptosis as the result of change of membrane potential in mitochondria and initiates caspase-dependent reactions. For many years the discussion has been continuing concerning the mutagenicity of 2,4-D and now many documented investigations that have been performed from 2000 unequivocally proved its mutagenic action. The mutagenicity of 2,4-D concerns homologous recombination, A→G mutation, chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchange and DNA damage, and also an increase in the frequency of DNA strand breaks. This paper presents literature data (especially the newest that have been published since 2000) that refer to peroxidative capacity of 2,4-D, free radical formation, induction of apoptosis, genotoxic activity and adaptation of the cells and organisms to its action.
11

Morphological and histological aspects of 2,4-D effects on rape explants [Brassica napus L. cv. Kana] cultured in vitro

84%
Slesak H., Popielarska M., Goralski G.
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia. Series Botanica
|
2005
|
tom 47
|
nr 1
The effect of different durations of exposure to 2,4-D on hypocotyls and cotyledons cultured in vitro was studied in Brassica napus L. cv. Kana. Organogenesis or callogenesis depended on the duration of explant exposure to MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/1 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Short treatment (1 and 3 days) with 2,4-D resulted in rhizogenesis on hypocotyls (100% and 98% of explants, respectively) and cotyledons (80% and 54% of explants, respectively). Adventitious shoots formed sporadically, with the highest frequency (14% of explants) on hypocotyls cultured 3 days on MS supplemented with 2,4-D and then transferred to hormone-free medium. Histological analysis clearly indicated that the basal part of hypocotyls is involved in root formation and callus production, and the apical part for shoots. Meristematic sites originated from groups of cells in the cortex layer (including cells of the endoderm), but the procambium, phloem and pericycle also showed meristematic activity. The present study indicated that the response of explants cultured on media containing 2,4-D at constant concentration depends on the duration of explant exposure to growth regulator.
12

Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D] treatment on the epididymal spermatozoa, blood serum transaminases and its accumulation in liver of rats

67%
Aydin H., Baran A., Demirel G., Yildirim M.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
|
2006
|
tom 62
|
nr 12
1378-1380
Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides constitute one of the largest groups of herbicides used in the world. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on some blood parameters and toxicity of the male reproductive system of Sprague Dawley (CD) rats. The level of 2,4-D in the liver and its metabolite: 2,4-DCP was ascertained using the HPLC method and the organ weight of the livers was also determined. Three different concentrations of pesticide were used. The animals were treated orally 25 ppm and 50 ppm with water and 50 ppm and 100 ppm with food for 30 days. No significant difference was found in the blood parameters between the groups. The level of 2,4-D in the liver was found to be significantly higher in both feed and water groups compared to those of the control group (p<0.01). The level of 2,4-DCP in the liver also increased in all the experimental groups compared to control (p<0.01) groups, with the exception of the water group which had the lowest concentration. As far as the abnormal spermatozoa rates of rats were concerned, the values of the experimentally fed groups were higher than the control group and the difference between them was statistically significant (p<0.01).
13

Esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acids - synthesis and infrared spectroscopy. Part I. Alkoxyalkyl esters

67%
Polec I., Kielczewska A., Legocki J.
Pestycydy
|
2004
|
nr 1-2
5-20
14
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Content available

Protoplast isolation and plant regeneration in two cultivated coriander varieties, Co-1 and RS

67%
Ali M., Mujib A., Zafar N., Tonk D.
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
|
2018
|
tom 99
|
nr 4
15

Comparison of mineralization dynamics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in soils of different textures

67%
Cycon M., Lewandowska A., Piotrowska-Seget Z.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2011
|
tom 20
|
nr 2
The degradation behaviour of 2,4-D and MCPA in four types of soil were determined from measurements of 14CO2 evolution over a period of 100 days. The total 14C-organic volatile compounds evaporated from the soils during the experimental period and the residual 14C in the soils at the end of the incubation period was also determined. The degree of mineralization was different for tested pesticides, and did not exceed 30% for 2,4-D or 46% for MCPA. The greatest mineralization of 2,4-D occurred in sandy soils containing the least amount of organic carbon, while in the case of MCPA, the highest level of mineralization was observed in loamy sand and silt loam soils. Volatilization was the most important mechanism of 2,4-D loss from soils and accounted for 46.6% of the total applied dose for sandy loam soil. The emission of volatile organic substances from MCPA-treated soils was lower, with the maximum value of 10.5% being emitted from silt soil. A significant amount of the introduced radioactive material was recovered as residues. The level of 14C-extractable residues for pesticides was low and ranged from 0.9% to 4.9% of total radioactivity. However, the level of 14Cbound residues was significantly greater and ranged from 14.6% to 43.2% of total radioactivity.
16

Badania morfologiczne fetotoksycznego wplywu kwasu 2,4-dichlorofenoksyoctowego [2,4-D] na szpik szczura

67%
Sulik M., Kemona A., Sulik A., Klepacka J.
Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna
|
1999
|
tom 32
|
nr 2
129-135
W pracy badano wpływ przewlekłego zatrucia herbicydem - solą sodową kwasu 2,4-dichlorofenoksyoctowego na szpik szczurów w okresie prenatalnym i postnatalnym. Wykonano badania histologiczne właściwej tkanki hemopoetycznej oraz mikrośrodowiska hemopoetycznego. Stwierdzono rozsianą martwicę komórek szeregu krwiotwórczego oraz martwicę komórek śródbłonka naczyń zatokowych. Zmiany te były najbardziej nasilone w grupie szczurów w pierwszym dniu po urodzeniu. Mimo kontynuowania ekspozycji w okresie laktacyjnym i polaktacyjnym obserwowane zmiany istotnie zmniejszyły się, a po przerwaniu ekspozycji - cofnęły się. Świadczy to o większej toksyczności herbicydu dla szczurów w okresie płodowym, niż po urodzeniu, oraz o adaptacyjnym charakterze zmian morfologicznych w szpiku.
17
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Content available

Indirect organogenesis in milkweed (Calotropis procera ) from mature zygotic embryo explants

67%
Abbasi H.
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
|
2017
|
tom 98
|
nr 3
18

Comparison of herbicides containing isoproturon,2.4-D and dicamba on phosphatase activity in the soil and in spring wheat [Triticun aestivum L.]

67%
Nowak J., Telesinski A., Szymczak J.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Agronomy
|
2006
|
tom 09
|
nr 1
The pot experiment examined the effect of varied doses of herbicides, namely Izoturon 500 SC (500 g isoproturon), Aminopielik Super 464 SL (344 g 2,4-D and 120 g dicamba) and Rokituron D 470 SC (250 g isoproturon, 200 g 2,4-D and 20 g dicamba) on the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the soil and in spring wheat plants. The pots were filled with black earth of the granulometric composition of light lessive clay containing 1.2 – 1.8% of humus. Water emulsions of the herbicides studied were introduced into the soil at the standard, 5-fold and 25-fold higher doses, after which spring wheat was sown. The measurements of soil and plant phosphatase activities were made at respective wheat development phases. The results obtained revealed that the herbicides used significantly stimulated the activity of acid phosphatase in the soil and, at the beginning of vegetation period – also in wheat plants, as well as alkaline phosphatase in the soil. The higher the doses of Izoturon 500 SC and Rokituron D 470 SC were used, the greater was the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity in wheat. The correlation coefficients indicated no relationships between the changes in the activity of soil and plant phosphatases following the application of the standard and 5-fold higher dose of Izoturon 500 SC and Rokituron D 470 SC. However there was observed a significant correlation between the phosphatases activity in the soil after the application of those herbicides as well as Aminopielik Super 464 SL at the dose 25-fold higher than the standard. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in the soil following Aminopielik Super 464 SL application at all the doses applied was positively correlated with the activity of the alkaline phosphatase in wheat.
19

Wpływ 2,4-D i Picloramu na indukcję i namanżanie kalusa w kulturach in vitro róży ‘New Dawn’

59%
Pawlowska B., Pieszczoch R.
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
|
2008
|
tom 525
Zróżnicowana reakcja odmian róż w stosunku do rodzaju regulatora wzrostu, a także jego stężenia, nie pozwala na stworzenie jednolitego schematu mnożenia in vitro i wymusza konieczność prowadzenia indywidualnych badań nad każdą z odmian. W niniejszej pracy podjęto próbę indukcji kalusa u odmiany róży pnącej ‛New Dawn’. Określono wpływ pożywek o składzie podstawowym QL (1977) zawierających różne stężenia 2,4-D lub Picloramu (5-90 µM), a także wzbogaconych oprócz badanych auksyn w cytokininę BA w stężeniu 0,5 µM, na indukcję kalusa. Do zainicjowania kultur pobrano z roślin kultywowanych in vitro pędy, blaszki liściowe i ogonki liściowe. Na wszystkich testowanych pożywkach formował się kalus. Najwięcej kalusa powstawało na eksplantatach pędowych. Ponadto w obecności wyłącznie auksyn (2,4-D lub Picloramu), zwłaszcza na kalusie uformowanym na eksplantatach pędowych, rozwijały się korzenie przybyszowe. Kalus indukowany na pożywkach wzbogaconych w 5 lub 15 µM 2,4-D i 0,5 µM BA namnażał się słabo, ale różnicował się tworząc owalne struktury przypominające stadia globularne zarodków somatycznych, na pożywkach zawierających BA (10 µM BA) lub tidiazuron (2,5; 10 µM).
20

Wplyw stosowania herbicydu 2,4-D na zanikanie 2,4-dichlorofenolu w glebie

59%
Lewandowska A.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2002
|
tom 42
|
nr 2
765-768
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