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Chlamydiales, one of the oldest bacterial orders in evolutionary terms, are widespread among animals. Blinding trachoma, a disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, was already known in ancient times, whereas modern reports on psittacosis date from 1879. Though these pathogens have long been known and lead to serious health problems both in human and animals, data on Chlamydiales biology has been limited. It is due to their intracellular life sty le and complex developmental cycle. New molecular biological methods have been recently developed expanding the possibilities of chlamydial research and diagnosis. This paper reviews data concerning avian chlamydiosis, its aetiological agent C. psittaci, newly proposed species isolated from birds, namely C. ibidis sp. nov., C. avium sp. nov., and C. gallinacea sp. nov., and their zoonotic potential.
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. The main source of infection are ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats). C. burnetii is excreted via birth products, vaginal mucus, milk, and faeces. Raw milk is considered useful for epidemiological examinations of animals and evaluation of infection dynamics at the herd level. This article summarises data on prevalence studies on C. burnetii in bulk-tank milk in different European countries with the means of serological tests and PCR. It also summarises the results of studies to evaluate the actual risk of disease transmission to humans through consumption of raw milk. Moreover, the available diagnostic tools for detection C. burnetii infection are presented.
A reliable and selective liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method for determination of tylosin has been developed. The extraction of analyte from feedingstuffs was performed with solution of citric buffer and methanol. The extracts were cleaned up by solid phase extraction procedure using a octadecyl cartridge. Samples were brought up to dryness and dissolved in phosphate buffer. The analysis was carried out on C18 analytical column with UV detection at λ = 282 nm. The analytical procedure has been successfully adopted and validated for quantitative determination of tylosin A in feedingstufif samples. The validation included determination of specificity, linearity, repeatability, and within-laboratory reproducibility. Mean recovery for spiked samples was 84.7% within the working range of 5-1,000 mg/kg. The inter-day relative standard deviation was below 6.6%. The results of validation procedure proved that presented method is efficient, precise, and useful for routine analysis for screening of quality, homogeneity, and stability of medicated feedingstuffs.
A fast and reliable method of liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection of sulfaguanidine, sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethizole, and sulfamethoxazole in feedingstuffs was described. The method involves THE procedure of preparation of spiked samples, and extraction of sulphonamides from the matrix using a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile, followed by drying the extract and dissolving it in a phosphate buffer. The analysis uses octadecyl (C18) analytical column with UV detection at λ = 260 nm and a gradient programme of mobile phase composition. The analytical procedure has been successfully adopted and validated for quantitative determination of the sulfonamides in feedingstuff samples. Validation included sensitivity, specificity, linearity, repeatability, and intra-laboratory reproducibility. The mean recovery of sulfonamides was 84%, within the working range of 200-2000 mg/kg. Direct, simple sample preparation and HPLC-UV analysis allow the method to be successfully included in the scope of routine analyses. The presented results could be an answer to a need of simple and easy method for sulfonamide determination applicable in medicated feedingstuffs analysis.
The outbreak of chlamydiosis in one of the western provinces of Poland, was diagnosed accidentally as a concurrent infection in a commercial laying hen flock during an outbreak of fowl pox. For histological examination, skin and subcutaneous tissue samples from lesions on heads of the birds were collected. Swabs from throat and trachea have been examined by nested PCR, real-time PCR, and partial ompA sequencing. Detailed electron microscopy analysis revealed fowl pox intracytoplasmic inclusions, called Bollinger bodies, and the presence of other intracytoplasmic inclusions; specific for Chlamydia sp. Results of nested PCR confirmed the presence of Chlamydiaceae sp. in two tested samples. Surprisingly, one of the two Chlamydiaceae-positive cases turned out to be infected with a non-classified strain. Results of real-time PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of a new Chlamydia species that has not been found in Poland to date. Partial sequencing and BLAST analysis of ompA gene sequence confirmed the highest homology to non-classified poultry strains of Chlamydia sp. that were previously detected in Germany and France. The zoonotic potential and the exact taxonomie status of this atypical strain have yet to be defined.
Poland’s accession to the European Union (EU) has entailed the implementation of mutual recognition procedures for the authorization of immunological veterinary medicinal products (IVMPs) since 2009. The aim of the study was to analyse data on the assortment and number of doses in the batches of vaccines for poultry authorized on the Polish market in 2010. These data, compared with the total output of doses in the same batches of IVMPs manufactured worldwide, revealed trends in the application of poultry vaccines in Poland. The results of the survey indicate that poultry IVMPs were the most important immunologicals on the Polish market in terms of variety and the numbers of doses. The dominant position of poultry IVMPs against viral diseases on the Polish market reflected the global trend. They accounted for 97.98% of all poultry IVMPs, followed by anti-bacterial (1.55%) and anti-parasitic IVMPs (0.47%). The order of the five most popular poultry IVMPs was the same on the Polish market as in the global markets, namely vaccines against IB, IBD, ND, MD and TRT. In contrast, anti-bacterial vaccines against Salmonellosis (SE and ST) took the 8th place in terms of their share of the total number of doses manufactured and sold on the Polish market, whereas the total number of doses manufactured globally situated them at the 15th place. Moreover, the position of some anti-viral vaccines was substantially different in Poland; namely relatively high dose counts in vaccines against MD, TRT, DD and SHS, as opposed to rather low shares of vaccine doses against AE, AP, ILT from what these were on the global market. In conclusion, these differences require thorough analysis and the recognition of trends in supply and demand terms accordingly sustainable vaccination programming. The findings might reveal a gap between immunoprophylaxis guidelines and current immunoprophylaxis needs relevant to epidemiological status of poultry flocks in Poland.
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