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In our earlier studies of the signaling cross-talk between nucleotide receptors in an in vitro glioma model (C6 cell line) under prolonged serum deprivation conditions, a growth arrest of the cells and expression shift from P2Y1 to P2Y12 receptors was found. The aim of the present work was to test if siRNA silencing of P2Y1 receptor changes P2Y12 expression similarly as following the serum deprivation and which physiological downstream pathways it affects. Here we demonstrate for the first time the efficiency of siRNA technology in silencing P2Y nucleotide receptors in glioma C6 cell line. Moreover, P2Y12 proved to be insensitive to the P2Y1 receptor silencing. The effect of the P2Y1 silencing on calcium signaling was less pronounced then the extent of the protein change itself, exactly as was the case for the serum starvation experiments. Phosphorylation of ERK and Akt kinases were studied as the downstream effect of P2Y1-evoked signaling and similar effects as in the case of serum deprivation were found for ERK, and even stronger ones for Akt phosphorylation.
Store Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) is a common phenomenon in non-excitable cells. The process relies on extracellular calcium influx through the plasma membrane (PM) channels, tightly regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium concentration. This influx allows refilling of the ER after Ca2+ release to the cytoplasm. The proteins involved in this process are calcium sensors STIM1 and STIM2 (located in ER), and calcium channel forming protein called ORAI1 (located in PM). Complexes of the STIM proteins with ORAI1 were identified in the fluorescent microscopy and called \”puncta\”. In neurons the molecular mechanism of SOCE is unclear. Our previous research led to the identification and characterization of STIM1 in the brain and neurons (Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 2009, 69:413-28; Neurochem. Int. 2009, 54:49-55). In this study we found that also STIM2 is expressed in neurons and aimed our work to compare the function of STIM proteins. In cultured cortical neurons, overexpressing YFP-STIM1/YFP-STIM2 and ORAI1, we observed changes of the fluorescence distribution from dispersed before to aggregated complexes of STIM1-ORAI1 and STIM2-ORAI1 after treatment with thapsigargin (TG). We also found that depletion of calcium from ER increased the number of STIM1-ORAI1 puncta much more than of STIM2-ORAI1 puncta. Then we analyzed the effects of STIM1/ORAI1 or STIM2/ORAI1 expression on intracellular calcium level during SOCE using Ca2+ imaging in two types of experiments. The first one was an analysis of SOCE after depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores by TG and subsequent incubation of cells in 2 mM Ca2+ media. These measurements were performed also in the presence of SOCE inhibitors (ML-9 or 2-APB). SOCE was enhanced in neurons transfected with STIM1/ORAI1, but not with STIM2/ORAI1. Moreover, both inhibitors reduced calcium influx by about 70% in neurons expressing STIM1/ORAI1, while produced no significant change in neurons transfected with STIM2/ ORAI1. In the second type of experiments a removal of extracellular Ca2+ caused a sustained decrease in intracellular calcium in all experimental setups, however the highest decrease was observed in neurons transfected with STIM2/ORAI1. In store-repleted cells, an increase in constitutive Ca2+ entry was observed with STIM1/ ORAI1 and STIM2/ORAI1 expression, but not with STIM expression alone. STIM2/ORAI1-mediated constitutive Ca2+ level was raised by 50 µM 2-APB, but not in case of STIM1/ORAI1 transfectants. Based on these observations we suggest that in neurons STIM1 and STIM2 proteins have distinct role in SOCE.
The nervous system of daughter sporocyst of D. pseudospathaceum is described on a basis of acetylcholinesterase activity, histofluorescence of biogenic amines and serotonin immunoreactivity. Description of the posterior part of the nervous system is added to the hitherto described brain ganglia and irregular network of nerve fibres surrounding anterior end of the sporocyst. The immunoreactivity of 5-HT was observed in laterally situated main nerve cords, which run along the whole length of the body and unite at its posterior end. Some ramifications of the main cords were also visible. A possible role of messenger molecules observed in daughter sporocyst nervous system is discussed.
One of the numerous calcium-involving processes in mammalian cells is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) - the process in which depletion of calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces calcium influx from the extracellular space. Previously supposed to function only in non-excitable cells, SOCE is now known to play a role also in such excitable cells as neurons, muscles and neuroendocrine cells and is found in many different cell types. SOCE participates not only in processes dependent on ER calcium level but also specifically regulates some important processes such as cAMP production, T lymphocyte activation or induction of long-term potentiation. Impairment of SOCE can be an element of numerous disorders such as acute pancreatitis, primary immunodeficiency and, since it can take part in apoptosis or cell cycle regulation, SOCE may also be partially responsible for such serious disorders as Alzheimer disease and many types of cancer. Even disturbances in the 'servant' role of maintaining ER calcium level may cause serious effects because they can lead to ER homeostasis disturbance, influencing gene expression, protein synthesis and processing, and the cell cycle.
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