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The effect of two sterilization substances (calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite) on the germination rate, and the effect of nitrogen and growth regulators on seedling growth and development, was studied in three critically endangered species of terrestrial orchids (Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. serotina, Dactylorhiza maculata subsp, maculata, Liparis loeselii). Surface sterilization of mature seeds using 7.2% calcium hypochlorite (until decolorization from brown to ivory) stimulated the germination rate. Addition of peptone at 1 g l-1 concentration or auxin 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA; 1.43 µM) with cytokinin zeatin (0.72 µM) and 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA; 1.34 µM) to the culture medium significantly increased the growth parameters of seedlings after 12 months.
We investigated the flowering probability and flower production in relation to plant size in a terrestrial orchid, Dactylorhiza majalis at 10 meadow sites in central and southwestern Poland. These sites differed in altitude (low, high) and management (presence or absence of mowing). At all sites, concentrations of nutrients in the soil were also measured. The probability of flowering increased significantly with the size of the plant in all populations, indicating that individuals do not flower until they reach a threshold size. Populations at high altitudes and the unmown sites had significantly lower threshold sizes for reproduction and showed sharp increase in flowering probability with plant size, compared to other populations. The threshold sizes for reproduction tended to decrease at sites rich in N and Mg and poor in P and S. Flower production was also size-dependent in all populations. Considerable between-site differences were found in the slope and the intercept of the regression between plant size and flower production. Flower production at some sites, at high altitudes, increased more steeply with plant size than at other sites. However, no pattern in size-dependent flower production was found relative to the measured environmental variables. Most of the size-dependent components of flowering probability were related to each other but not with the size-dependent flower production.
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