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Chemical and microbiological quality parameters of 100 fermented sausage samples made from camel meat were investigated in the Aydin region. The results showed that the mean pH value noted in the sausages was 6.00 ± 0.25. Additionally, the mean moisture, aw, fat, ash and salt contents of the sausages were 37.69 ± 4.32%, 0.852 ± 0.02, 33.6 ± 4.35%, 3.99 ± 0.47% and 3.28 ± 0.41%, respectively. The mean TVC of the samples was 4.85 ± 0.47 log cfu g-1, whereas the mean numbers of staphylococci/micrococci, yeast and mould, lactic streptococci, lactobacilli, and coliforms were 4.78 ± 0.40 log cfu g-1, 2.88 ± 1.06 log cfu g-1, 4.07 ± 0.46 log cfu g-1 , 2.82 ± 0.98 log cfu g-1, and <1.0 log cfu g-1, respectively. In conclusion, the study found that there were variations in the chemical and microbiological parameters in the investigated sausages. The variations in the microbiological load and chemical results of sausages produced from camel meat may be due to insufficient standardization procedures applied during processing, no starter culture usage and the lack of hygienic practices. Camel meat sausages are a specialty of the Aydýn region and thus their production should be standardized. Additionally, providing good hygienic practices during the production process will protect public health and provide healthy sausages for consumers.
The microbial quality and chemical parameters of the pastrami sold in Turkey were analyzed. Numbers of total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and Lactobacillus spp in the samples varied between 10⁵ and 10⁸ cfu/g. Out of 60 samples, 53.3% of the TAB and 48.3% of Lactobacillus spp around 10⁶ cfu/g. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus spp. were between 10³ and 10⁷ cfu/g, though 46.6% around 10⁴ cfu/g. The levels of Enterobacteriaceae and coliform bacteria varied between < 10² and 10³ cfu/g. Most (63.3% and 90.0% respectively) of these two groups were present at < 10² cfu/g while 25.0% were around 10³ cfu/g, and 8.33% around 10² cfu/g, respectively. The levels of yeast and Enterococcus spp. were between < 10² and 10⁴ cfu/g although 56.6% and 41.6% were present at around 10³ cfu/g, respectively. S. aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., sulphite reducing anaerobes, and moulds were < 10² cfu/g in all the samples examined. E. coli O157 H7 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in 25 g. pH levels were between 5.39 and 5.80. Moisture was < 50.0% in 41 samples, and between 51.2 and 54.8% in 19 samples. Salt was < 8.5% in 47 samples and > 8.5% in 13 samples. The pastrami examined in this study was generally, of good hygienic and chemical quality, although the yeast levels were higher than those indicated in TS 1071.
The effects of drought on river water quality and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluctuations were studied in 22 lowland rivers in north-east Poland with different size (from 3.3 km to 77.2 km), and discharge (mostly in range 1–8 m³ s⁻¹). The extensive agriculture, housing and plantation forestry (afforestation from 7% to 97%) dominate in the landuse in catchments. All investigated rivers were characterized by similar hydrological regime and relatively high natural level of organic matter in waters (10 mg DOC dm⁻³). The autumn 2000 drought in Poland was one of the most severe in many years when the monthly sum of precipitation in October made only 6% of average long-term norm for the region. Significant differences in concentrations of investigated chemical parameters were noted between results from wet (1996–1998) and dry (2000) autumn periods. Concentrations of ions derived from non-point sources increased in many locations, which was confirmed by increases in Ca, and HCO₃ concentrations. Average dissolved organic carbon concentrations, and water colour were two times higher in the wetter autumn than in dry period. The hydrological drought in autumn 2000 caused significant decrease in the range of DOC concentrations (about 30%). The largest difference in DOC concentrations between the wet autumn period and extremely dry one were recorded in the rivers flowing through dense forests. Our results indicate that dissolved organic carbon in most natural catchments decreased as a result of the lack of dilution. Some more natural north-east Polish rivers gradually lost contact with their catchments, and ecotone zones did not play an important role in supplying organic matter to rivers during droughts. Most of river and catchment morphological parameters became less important in shaping the amounts of DOC in rivers. The current study indicates that small and medium rivers were not resistant in hydrochemical terms to flow decreases what has environmental consequences for transport of nutrients, organic matter and finally on sediments, flora and fauna habitats.
The objective of this study was to determine the quality changes in whole, gutted and filleted three fish species, whiting (Gadus euxinus), gray mullet (Mugil cephalus) and anchovy {Engraulis encrasicholus), at frozen storage period (-26°C). Throughout the storage period, anchovy had the lowest values in all sensorial criteria among the fish species. During the storage period, whiting kept its freshness better than gray mullet and anchovy as to chemical criteria. The lowest TVB-N value (17.23 mg/100 g) was determined in whiting whereas the highest value (22.55 mg/100 g) in anchovy. The highest TMA value (3.50 mg/100 g) was found in anchovy. The TBA values increased up to 9th month, depending on fish species. Differences between the species are found to be significant and the highest TBA value (2.55) was obtained in anchovy. Although the TBA and peroxide values in anchovy significantly increase when compared to the others during storage period, acceptable limits expired at the end of 9th month. According to treatments, filleted fish had better color quality wheras gutted fish had better smell, muscle and taste.
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