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Organs in which inflammation goes by different rules through protecting them against damage are called immunologically privileged. These include the central nervous system, the front chamber of the eye (excluding the cornea), the liver, the kernel, the pregnant uterus, hamster cheek pouches and hyaline cartilage. The brain immunological privilege is due to fact that it has no lymphatic vessels and contains a small number of T-lymphocytes and macrophages, while a blood-brain barrier is present. In the brain, there is a long-term graft survival of allo-and xenografts, such as the adrenal medulla tissue or fetal tissue allografts. The anterior chamber of the eye is also an immunologically privileged area, which is often a convenient place for grafts of experimental tumors in animals. Inside the testes tolerance of autoantigens present in the germ cells is attained, which is maintained by the presence of incomplete barriers limiting access to reproductive cell antigens of immune cells and antibodies. In other parts of the body such a response to an antigen is not found, which makes these organs very interesting from the point of view of pathogenesis and immunity.
The study aimed at the analysis of prevalence frequency and localisation of tumours in domestic animals. The research material comprised 4,212 tumours developed in dogs, cats, horses, and exotic animals, isolated during surgery , autopsy or biopsy, performed for the purpose of histopathological diagnosis. The most numerous group involved canine tumours, including 3,585 cases (85.1%), followed by tumours in cats (532 cases, 12.6%), ferrets (34 cases, 0.81%), rats (19 cases, 0.45%), horses (15 cases, 0.36%), and rabbits (14 cases, 0.33%). A significant increase in incidence of tumours was noted, as compared to studies performed in the same region of Poland in 1957-1995 and 2000-2004 or in 2005-2008. This was particularly evident in exotic animals, in which 80 cases (1.9%) were detected in 2009-2011 but only 20 cases (1.2%) in 2005-2008. The most frequent localisation of neoplasia involved the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and mammary gland.
Mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most frequently diagnosed cutaneous tumor of the dog, representing between 8% and 21% of all skin tumors. MCT is considered a multifactorial disease with no clear aetiology, confirmed in the dog, with variable clinical presentation, behaviour and response to treatment. It is usually a disease of older animals with a mean age of 8-9 years old, but may occur at any age. Cutaneous MCTs are typically solitary lesions but the gross appearance can mimic many other cutaneous tumors, which is why MCTs are described as "great pretenders". After confirming a diagnosis of MCT, which involves numerous procedures, prognostic factors should be specified because they play a crucial role in prognosis, as well as in therapeutic options. Currently available treatment modalities include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Never-theless, MCTs remain a serious challenge to veterinary surgeons.
The aim of the study was to demonstrate and evaluate the expression of N-cadherin and survivin in spontaneous osteosarcoma tumours in dogs compared to the expression of these proteins in an established (D-17) cell line of canine osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma samples were taken from the limbs of 15 dogs and fixed in 7% buffered formalin. An adherent canine osteosarcoma cell line (D-17) was also used for the study. The cytoplasmic expression of N-cadherin and survivin was shown in spontaneous osteosarcoma, whereas the cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of N-cadherin and survivin was observed in cells derived from the D-17 cell line. The results indicate that the higher the cytoplasmic expression of N-cadherin, the higher the expression of survivin. By analyzing the strength of intercellular adhesion, which is based on the type and strength of N-cadherin expression, as well as the degree of apoptosis inhibition, one may conclude that these markers may be used as supplementary to routine tests to evaluate the degree of the tumour’s malignancy and the patient’s prognosis.
An 11-year-old, unsterilised Scottish Shepherd Collie bitch was brought to a veterinary clinic after a previous symptomatic treatment in another surgery. Clinical signs raised a suspicion of pyometra. Additional tests (radiological and ultrasound tests) revealed a change in the bladder that suggested a neoplastic process. The veterinarian decided to make a diagnostic laparotomy, during which, the animal was intraoperatively euthanised because of extensive changes in the bladder. A complete pathologic examination indicated emphysematous cystitis. Emphysematous cystitis is a rare disease in both humans and animals. It is often related to diabetes, chronic urinary tract infections, bladder stones, or the consequences of interventions on the bladder. In the bitch under examination, these changes resulted from a chronic inflammation of the bladder caused by Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, which was confirmed by bacteriological examination. The most important element for accurate diagnosis is to perform radiological examinations (X-ray, CT). Treatment mainly consists of antibiotics administered according to antibiogram.
Immunohistochemical profiles of the most common canine testicular tumours, including the Leydig cell tumours, seminomas, and Sertoli cell tumours were analysed, and the results were compared with those obtained in the corresponding txpes of human testicular neoplasms. The expressions of vimentin, von Willebrand factor (FVIII), chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and MCM3 were quantified. In the case of Sertoli cell tumours, only canine ones were analysed, since this type of tumour is very rareh diagnosed in men. The expression of the analysed proteins in the testicular tumours was similar. The von Willebrand factor exhibited the strongest expression in Lexdig cell tumours in dogs and men, while vimentin was expressed more strongly in dogs (96.7% had an intensity at +++) than in men (62.5% had +++) in the Leydigioma. The immunoexpression of MCM3 in seminomas was high in both men and dogs - 90% +++ and 100% +++ respectively. The lack of chromogranin A and synaptophysin was observed in almost 100% of seminomas in men and dogs. This differed from the results obtained for Leydigioma, where chromogranin A was expressed in 70% of dogs at +++ and in 100% of men at ++++. The results may indicate that the antibodies were selected correctly. Their anah sis and interpretation provides valuable information concerning the nature of the studied tumours.
The aim of the study was to assess the microvessel density based on the analysis of the expression of the CD31, VEGF, and LIMS-1 proteins in canine mast cell tumours. The study was conducted on 60 mastocytomas; 16 cases were classified as the grade I, 26 as the grade II, and 18 as the grade III. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation only between the grade of the tumour and the expression of LIMS-1. In conclusion, LIMS-1 could be successfully used as a prognostic endothelial cell marker in mast cell tumour. CD31 may be a useful marker, but further examinations are necessary. VEGF is not recommended.
COX-2 and mPGES-1 participate in the development of tumours and play a key role in their progression by impacting cell proliferation, apoptosis and neoangiogenesis. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of COX-2 and mPGES-1 in mast cell tumours. The existence of correlation between the histologic malignancy of the tumour and the expression of the proteins was verified through statistical analysis. Fifteen canine skin mast cell tumours were used in the study. Tissue sections were stained with H&E to determine their histologic grade. Subsequently, immunohistochemical staining of COX-2 and mPGES was carried out. A cytoplasmic reaction was observed in all tumours. Statistical analysis revealed a strong, positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the two markers and the grade of the tumour. Both markers may be used effectively in the diagnosis of skin mast cell tumours in dogs.
The study aimed at immunohistochemical analysis of various markers of cell proliferation and comparison of the results with canine mast cell tumours grading systems according to the Patnaik and Kiupel. Tissue sections were stained using classical technique with haematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemical studies were performed with Ki-67, PCNA and MCM-3 antibodies. Additionally the mitotic index was assessed. Statistical analysis including rank correlation Spearman's and ANOVA Friedman analysis was performed. The significance was set at p<0.05. Expression of all examined antigens was detected. The results obtained allow concluding that there is a strong relationship between all the cell markers. However, due to the very strong response and positive reaction in the majority of tumours PCNA is not recommended as a prognostic indicator. Ki-67 and MCM-3 can be successfully used in the evaluation of canine mast cell tumours.
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