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Coccidiostats are widely used in veterinary medicine the for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis, especially in poultry. Most of them are registered as feed additives and not all of them have maximum residue limits (MRL) established. They are approved for use in food producing animals, but not in laying birds and animals prior to slaughter. Human errors, mainly feed contamination during manufacturing and not respecting withdrawal periods are the main reasons for the occurrence of residues in food of animal origin. Nicarbazin residues may also be caused by its recycling. During the past several years many authors have reported violative residues of coccidiostats (mainly ionophore antibiotics and nicarbazin) in a significant number of eggs and tissue samples. Therefore it is necessary to introduce legal regulations and administrative tools allowing better execution of the prohibition of coccidiostats use in laying hens and broilers prior to slaughter. Regular official control of feedstuffs is also required.
The lead, mercury, zinc, copper and iron contents in muscles, kidneys and livers of 340 horses were examined in the years of 1980, 1982 and 1989. Samples for analysis were taken from 10 slaughterhouses located in different regions of Poland. The mean Pb concentration was 0.086 mg/kg in muscles, 0.34 mg/kg in kidneys, 0.43 mg/kg in livers. Hg concentrations were low in all analyzed tissues and mean value was 0.003 mg/kg in muscles, 0.086 mg/kg in kidneys and 0.012 mg/kg in livers. Zinc, copper and iron levels were within the range of physiological concentrations. The lead and mercury concentrations in horse kidneys and livers from the industrial regions were significantly higher than those in the same organs from the agricultural regions.
The method for confirmatory analysis of clazuril, decoquinate, diclazuril, halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, niearbazin, robenidine, salinomycin, and semduramicin in eggs has been developed and validated. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, purified on Oasis HLB SPE columns and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The validation, performed according to the EU requirements, proved that the method enables the confirmation of coccidiostats in eggs at the levels required in the official control of residues (CCα in the range of 2.92-178 µg/kg, depending on the coccidiostat). The within-laboratory reproducibility (CV in the range of 6.1-29.3%) is also acceptable. The method was successfully verified in the proficiency test and implemented in the national residue control plan.
The experiment was performed to define the depletion of dinitrocarbanilide (DNC, marker of nicarbazin residue) and narasin residues in hen tissues and eggs after administration of Maxiban (nicarbazin and narasin, 80 mg kg⁻¹). A flock of 50 hens were kept in deep litter and fed coccidiostats for 14 d following 22 d of withdrawal. Randomly selected birds were slaughtered after the withdrawal of anticoccidial-containing feed. Samples of eggs, liver, and breast muscles were collected and analysed using validated LC-MS/MS method. The concentration of dinitrocarbanilide in the liver on day 0 of the withdrawal was 4,440 ±569 µg kg⁻¹ and quickly dropped to reach plateau level after 5 d. Long persistence of dinitrocarbanilide at plateau level and its presence in gastric contents during the withdrawal suggest the recycling of DNC with litter. The concentration of narasin in tissues and eggs was low even at the beginning of withdrawal period, which confirms the low probability of occurrence of narasin residues in food, even in the case of off-label use of this coccidiostat.
A multiresidue method (LC-MS/MS) for determination of wide range of anthelmintics was developed. The method covered benzimidazoles: albendazole (and metabolites), cambendazole, fenbendazol (and metabolites), flubendazole (and metabolites), mebendazole (and metabolites), oxibendazole, thiabendazole (and metabolites), triclabendazole (and metabolites); macrocyclic lactones: abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin; salicylanilides: closantel, ioxynil, nitroxynil, oxyclosamide, niclosamide, rafoxanid and others: clorsulon, derquantel, imidocarb, monepantel (and metabolites), morantel, praziquantel, and pyrantel. The method was used to examine the potential presence of anthelmintics in goat and sheep milk and dairy products from the Polish market. A total of 120 samples of milk, yoghurt, cottage cheese, cream cheese, and curd were analysed. None of the samples were found positive above CCa (1-10 µg/kg) except for one cottage cheese in which traces of albendazole sulfone were detected (5.2 µg/kg) and confirmed. The results of the study showed negligible anthelmintic residues in the goat and sheep milk and dairy products and confirm their good quality.
Coccidiostats are widely used in veterinary practice, mainly as feed additives. The occurrence of their residues in food of animal origin and cross-contamination of feedstuffs have been observed in many countries. Until recently there was a lack of common criteria for the interpretation of the results of the official control of coccidiostats in food and feed in the UE member states. New legislative documents introducing such criteria - Commission Directive 2009/8/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 124/2009 - have come into force in 2009. The new legislation guarantees the safety of the consumers, and at the same time justifies the possibility of the extension of the authorization of anticoccidial feed additives after 2012.
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